Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Example for Free

Characterization and Marine Biodiversity Essay Significant Background Information that you have to know and comprehend: (Understand the Key Concepts) Key words: binominal arrangement of naming; study of characterization is scientific categorization; species; levels of order (know them); dichotomous distinguishing proof key; 5 realms; etc†¦ Order Our seas have an incredible assortment of living things. A great many new animal varieties are found every year. We have to distinguish, name, and know the science of all the marine species. To comprehend this enormous exhibit of species, a straightforward arrangement framework is utilized to create some request out of bedlam. Model: this class has people of a wide range of shapes, sizes, shading, eye shading, finger shape size, etc†¦.what measures would you use to isolate every one of us out? HISTORY Truly, we bunch things as per their resemblance or use. There were gathering, for example, palatable, noxious, or therapeutic. In your own vernacular, you have neighborhood names for the consumable things on the reef yet there is no name for wipes, ascidians, and nudibranchs which you have no utilization for. There are just broad names for corals, sharks, and so forth. In Fiji, we have no names for the deepsea snappers since we never got and eat them however in Hawaii and Kiribati, you have various names for various deepsea snappers since you have gotten them for ages. Fiji have enormous lagoonal zones and never expected to angle seaward.. 25 years back, Fijian understudies knew the nearby names of fish. Today, numerous understudies have lost that information since they once in a while return to the town. Aristotle is the principal researcher to order every single living thing. John Ray created keys to recognize creatures. Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swede imagined a basic naming framework which we despite everything use today (binominal terminology) comprised of 2 Latinized words (variety species). for example Homo sapiens (in italics or underlined with the principal letter in the class is in capital). The class or species might be unmistakable or named after an individual or spot. Utilizing logical names shows logical precision when contrasted with basic names which can be general. Model: Siganus uspi Woodland and Gawel, 1974. Family, species, describers, year they depicted it in. Techniques Individuals from a gathering share numerous characters. We use characters which don't change for example structure and strategy for multiplication. Characters can be countable (number of blades) or communicated as a % of all out length (head length and so forth); Characters can be missing or present. Shading can be utilized as an auxiliary character as it can change with the earth (and blur after protection). Fossil records are utilized to get some answers concerning the advancement of gatherings of living beings. DNA is presently used to isolate species as well. Scientific classification The study of characterization is scientific categorization. An individual who characterizes things is a taxonomist. 5 realms: animalia; plantae; parasites; protista; monera. Protista have particular core, monera has unclear core. See realm of living things on page 207. You may wish to break your order into vertebrates and spineless creatures. The classifications are (ordering you) Realm: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Request: Primates Family: Hominidae Class: Homo Species: sapiens What is an animal varieties: An animal categories is a gathering of life forms (fundamentally indistinguishable) and can interbreed under characteristic conditions to create prolific off spring. Think about a donkey (horse x jackass); a liger (lion x tiger). Barren off springs. Butterfly fishes can hybridize. Marine Biodiversity Biodiversity alludes to the number and assortment of earth’s living things (recall the 5 realms). KNOW THE Importance of biodiversity 1. In the event that you care about nature, you should feel emphatically that other living things reserve a privilege to get by close by one another. Different living beings don't have to profit people straightforwardly to reserve an option to exist. 2. By securing the earth’s biodiversity, we are guaranteeing my own endurance. As we find out about the astounding multifaceted nature of earth’s biodiversity, we will find an ever increasing number of direct advantages. 3 sorts of assorted varieties 1. hereditary biodiversity (allude to hereditary assortment and fluctuation inside every species †qualities differ between people inside an animal groups). Utilize your class for instance and see the distinctions †in shading as well as body shape and sizes, eye shading, hair shading, skin shading, states of hands and so forth. Marine species additionally show changeability fit as a fiddle and shading. 2. species biodiversity (allude to the quantity of various species living on earth) 1.8 million species has been found and portrayed by researchers. We think there might be somewhere in the range of 5 and 100 million species. Vanishing species-genuine loss of biodiversity due to overfishing for food/use just as expanded supplement levels brought about by from contamination from the land. Old clocks reprimand you about the measure of marine life Suva 30 years prior in the event that we don’t begin monitoring biodiversity, we may just observe them in marine stops or prote cted as an example in exhibition halls. Endemic species-just found in a specific nation for example Siganus uspi (USP rabbitfish) just found in Fiji. 3. biological system biodiversity-allude to assortment in the mix of species that structure environments, for example, lakes, coral reefs, backwoods, or prairie. It is the assortment of environment types that is biological system decent variety. A biological system can be as extensive as the Great Barrier Reef or as little as the rear of an insect crab (that permits wipes, green growth and worms to develop on the shell). Biodiversity in the biological systems isn't only the quantity of various species; it is the variety inside them and the various jobs they have in shaping the environments. Biological systems are mind boggling in light of the fact that they are framed by an assortment of connections between species. One communication is food web; give a connection base to other people; adjust current and light examples; give cover, protect or seek space. Biological systems are practical units of the marine world. Little worms are similarly as significant as huge whales in light of the fact that each have a crucial task to carry out in the biological system. People meddle and the normally adjusted biological system gets lopsided (on the off chance that we take all the herbivorous fish, the green growth would develop vivaciously and push out the corals on the coral reef). Environments are dynamic†¦changed by physical and natural procedures (tides, storms, progression, people). An environment applies associations over huge and over little scope. Fish from the tidal pond biological system rely upon the mangrove environment (as adolescent nursery ground) and on coral reef environment (as a taking care of ground). Environments can be characterized at various scales utilizing boundaries, for example, topography, beach front landforms, water temperature’ saltiness, flows, upwellings, wave presentation, profundity, and examples of significant living things (for example seagrass). Appropriate working of the marine condition is subject to its natural trustworthiness (all parts are available, operational and biological feasible). Marine environments are consistently changing to meet the evolving conditions. Biogeography Biogeography is the name given to the investigation of the circulation of life on earth. We may take a gander at the windward side and leeward side of the Fiji gathering. The marine condition on the windward side is influenced by the tradewinds which bring solid flows which thus wash away the dregs. It is progressively blustery as well. The leeward side has less wind and less wave activity so dregs remain around. Supplements from the land don't get scatter rapidly. We can likewise take a gander at the northern zones of Fiji and Rotuma (more sizzling) and the southern territories including Kadavu and Minerva Reef (cooler). Since the conditions are unique, the life forms living there may vary as well. Biodiversity and Marine Life Tiny fish The course book doesn't cover this point. Tiny fish (all creatures and plants that live in the water yet float about helpless before wind and flows). (Nekton can go against the flow for example fish). Those life forms that burn through for their entire lives in the microscopic fish are called holoplankton. Those that spend just piece of their lives in the microscopic fish are called meroplankton. Tiny fish are typically little however they can be up to 1.5m across for example huge jellyfish. Phytoplankton are plant microscopic fish and zooplankton are creature tiny fish. Microscopic fish is gathered by tiny fish nets (either by an even tow or a vertical tow). Microscopic fish are significant on the grounds that many are the larval phases of marine creatures we see. Microscopic fish gives food to huge numbers of the channel feeders in the marine condition (from whales to spineless creatures to other tiny fish). Phytoplankton additionally creates oxygen to discharge into the environment. Tiny fish bolster significant fisheries. They reuse supplements in the microbial circle. Instances of Phytoplankton: diatoms and dinoflagellates (causes fish harming). Instances of Zooplankton: copepods, jellyfish. Sunfish, bolt worms. To keep above water (remain in the epipelagic zone) tiny fish swim feebly, have body liquids which are less thick than seawater, effectively ooze substantial particles, have gas filled sacs, use oils and fats (diatoms and fish eggs have oil), have parachute like structures (slow their sinking rate) or developing barbed members (additionally makes them harder to eat), or have watery tissue (jam like). Moffatt, B; Ryan, T; and Zann, L 2003. Sea life Science for Australian Students. pp608. Wet Papers Publications.

This Unintended Pain free essay sample

Kid meets young lady. Young lady quietly argues for a ride home. Kid acts the hero. They discover they live three traffic lights from one another. And afterward they become companions. This is the tale of a senior and a sophomore. This is the account of Him and Me. In any case, this isnt going where you think it is. Furthermore, the consummation is just mixed. That sounds sensational, however of course, reality once in a while ever is. We were co-editors on the paper. All things considered, I was an editorial manager of the paper; he was my supervisor in-boss, my good example, and afterward my ride home. During those vehicle rides I found that in the event that I am anything, I am an incredible audience. There’s nobody better. The mystery: it’s all in the subtleties. I turned into his university associate, somebody with whom to share his fantasies. His concealed want? To get into Harvard, something I think he experienced difficulty conceding from the outset. We will compose a custom paper test on This Unintended Pain or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, I said quite a few things. I tuned in. I energized. The greater part of all, I put stock in him. Furthermore, I trust that implied something. On that enchanted day in December, something astonishing occurred. He was acknowledged at the most esteemed school in the United States. This opened up a domain of conceivable outcomes, generally for him yet in addition for me. He demonstrated here and there the incomprehensible can be accomplished. I despite everything consider how upbeat I am for him and that he is so rousing to me. I despite everything disregard the decreasing number of days left of this uncommon and impossible fellowship. It is simply too simple to ever be visually impaired. Youth ought to be a blessing, yet rather it is my revile. I am compelled to remain behind and to watch him leave. I can never compensate for those seventeen months that different us. I see the deriding incongruity that he turned into my companion as a result of school and that he will abandon me for it. He should be an older sibling who could offer me guidance, and simultaneously a companion who I could generally rely on. In any case, he cannot be those things. It was my error, truly. I couldnt choose which I needed more, so I attempted to make him both. Presently I am left with a relationship that can be delegated not one or the other, a relationship that falls some place in the insane spot between, a tad of both, however not sufficiently able to be called either. I dont even know where I remain with him any longer. Actually, I never recognized what he asked for from this relationship. A companion? A sister? Both? None? It doesn’t matter if there’s a name for this, for us. Whatever it is, it’s an uneven bond. I am all give and next to no take. He never requested another sister, and for that suspicion, I am grieved. It is a mix-up I have paid for beyond all doubt since I care about him more than he will ever think about me. I am replaceable. There are a thousand other people who can reveal to him he is exceptional though he has become an energizing point for my sad dreams. He has nearly all that I need, and I can’t simply overlook that. Be that as it may, I am being narrow minded. This isn’t about me. It was never about me. This is about a kid and his fantasy work out as expected. This is about his joy, and I ask that nobody removes that from him. It’s so off-base for me to be tragic. How might I feel so all the while glad and energized and relinquished? This is a once in a blue moon opportunity. This is the place he should be. I am the person who doesn't have a place. The sophomore among seniors. I don’t need to hold up here and watch them go. I don’t merit this unintended torment. It would be simpler not to mind. Yet, it’s past the point of no return for that, past the point of no return for me. He has spared himself with his lack of concern. Furthermore, I need him to take everything: my help, my support, my deference. He merits it. This hurt isn't his issue. I am to be faulted. I was the credulous one. All things considered, it is simply too simple to ever be visually impaired. The main thing he owes me is farewell. I have to hear the empty inconsistency, the not-yet-void words. Since I’m frightened. I’m startled that he won’t need or need me any longer. I’m apprehensive that once he jumps on that plane, he’s gone until the end of time. What's more, for the most part, I’m scared of reality: I am simply too normal to even think about having left a perpetual imprint on you, my proxy elder sibling, my Harvard brilliant kid. What's more, presently I am out of time. Excuse me, sibling. I ought to have known. Kid leaves young lady. There is no other way.

Success at University Knowing Your Professor

Success at University Knowing Your Professor Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Most people’s success at university (academically speaking) comes down to two things: how much work they put in, and how well their professor knows them. You certainly don’t want to be known for being a loudmouth, or disruptive, or obnoxious. But there are things you can do (some subtle, and some much more direct) to form at least a first-name-basis relationship with your professors even in a big lecture. The fact of the matter is, to most of your professors, especially ones who have been teaching the same course for a number of years, you are invisible, or at best, a number. Many earnest professors will make sincere efforts to learn the names of all the students in a smaller class, but you cannot expect one person to remember the names of all the students in a 200-person lecture. For those students who are on a first-name basis with their professors (in a positive way), there are some pretty large benefits. Below are some tips for getting to know your professor, and why it pays to do so. Use office hours and increase your chances of success at university While it is clearly not the case that all university professors will respond to your use of their office hours with better grades, and access to useful, privileged information, many will. Some, in fact, are on record saying exactly that. It makes sense that you should receive special treatment if you attend a one-on-one conversation (which also normally doubles as a study session) with your professor. In the classroom setting, it is very difficult, or next-to-impossible for a professor to give any one student their undivided attention, and if you have something pressing to talk about in-depth, you are better off trying to discuss it outside the classroom. Interacting with your professors outside of the classroom also provides you with an opportunity to get to know them on a more personal level. Most professors will try to maintain a level of professional, courteous detachment from their students to avoid any conflicts of interest, but that doesn’t mean they can’t like certain students more or less. It’s just human nature. Ask questions in class It is important to stress that you can ask questions without being a loudmouth or a frequent disrupter. Ask questions if you truly don’t understand something and are seeking clarification. Do not interrupt a lecture to provide your unsolicited personal opinion on something, to hear the sound of your own voice, to try and show other students you are the smartest person in the room, or to contradict the professor or another student when you aren’t sure whether you are right. You can, however, get a reputation among your professors (and your fellow students) for asking pointed, insightful, clarifying questions. At the end of the day, it is really only important that your professor hear and respond to your question, so you might even decide to wait until the end of the lecture to approach your professor with your quirie. Asking good questions lets your professor know that you are paying attention, seriously engaging with the material, and when they eventually learn your name, it will definitely stand out when they are marking your papers and exams, and that could lead to additional success at university. Read about the work they have done Many, or most of your professors will likely have spent a considerable amount of their academic career either doing research, working in the private, or public (or both) sectors, and perhaps winning accolades and recognition for their contribution to human knowledge and scholarship along the way. It is a good idea to find out more about who your professors really are. Taking an interest in them as both people and professionals, especially if you are doing so during office hours, is a good way to develop a more informal relationship with them. You might also consider working some of their previous scholarship into an essay you are writing for their course. Use a piece of work or scholarship they have done in the past as one of your references and, better yet, critically engage with it while you are using it. Ask a question of it; come up with your own take on something they have worked on, or a question they have posed; professionally, but critically engage with things they have worked on to show them you are serious about the scholarship and course material. Student-professor relationships can aid attrition There is quite a large body of research suggesting that when students and faculty form meaningful relationships (both friendly and professional), students are more likely to want to perform and learn the material, and are even more likely to persevere and complete their university degree. The way you feel about your professor has a large impact on how well to do in their class, and intent is everything. If you decide that you want to do well at something, the chances that you will do well increases. We are hostage to our own psyches much of the time, and once we have decided that we don’t care, or that something is not worthwhile, or worth our time, it is much easier to simply check out than it is to stick it out. If you find yourself in a position where you have lost all hope in a course, or you think that failing is a foregone conclusion, there are essay writing services out there that can help with whatever coursework you are struggling with, or struggling to find the time to do. Human connection is everything, and we rely on our fellow human beings for help, guidance, and helping us get through life. The old adage “it’s not what you know, it’s who you know,” while not absolutely true, is certainly a recurring theme in many aspects of life. University is no different. Keep the above information in mind to maximize your chances of success at university, and for anything essay or assignment-related, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Potts, G. (2016). “4 easy ways to get better grades in courses, as told by a professor.” Elite Daily. Retrieved from: 1577473 Weimer, M. (2013). “Are student-professor relationships more important in hard courses?” Faculty Focus. Retrieved from: Success at University Knowing Your Professor Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Most people’s success at university (academically speaking) comes down to two things: how much work they put in, and how well their professor knows them. You certainly don’t want to be known for being a loudmouth, or disruptive, or obnoxious. But there are things you can do (some subtle, and some much more direct) to form at least a first-name-basis relationship with your professors even in a big lecture. The fact of the matter is, to most of your professors, especially ones who have been teaching the same course for a number of years, you are invisible, or at best, a number. Many earnest professors will make sincere efforts to learn the names of all the students in a smaller class, but you cannot expect one person to remember the names of all the students in a 200-person lecture. For those students who are on a first-name basis with their professors (in a positive way), there are some pretty large benefits. Below are some tips for getting to know your professor, and why it pays to do so. Use office hours and increase your chances of success at university While it is clearly not the case that all university professors will respond to your use of their office hours with better grades, and access to useful, privileged information, many will. Some, in fact, are on record saying exactly that. It makes sense that you should receive special treatment if you attend a one-on-one conversation (which also normally doubles as a study session) with your professor. In the classroom setting, it is very difficult, or next-to-impossible for a professor to give any one student their undivided attention, and if you have something pressing to talk about in-depth, you are better off trying to discuss it outside the classroom. Interacting with your professors outside of the classroom also provides you with an opportunity to get to know them on a more personal level. Most professors will try to maintain a level of professional, courteous detachment from their students to avoid any conflicts of interest, but that doesn’t mean they can’t like certain students more or less. It’s just human nature. Ask questions in class It is important to stress that you can ask questions without being a loudmouth or a frequent disrupter. Ask questions if you truly don’t understand something and are seeking clarification. Do not interrupt a lecture to provide your unsolicited personal opinion on something, to hear the sound of your own voice, to try and show other students you are the smartest person in the room, or to contradict the professor or another student when you aren’t sure whether you are right. You can, however, get a reputation among your professors (and your fellow students) for asking pointed, insightful, clarifying questions. At the end of the day, it is really only important that your professor hear and respond to your question, so you might even decide to wait until the end of the lecture to approach your professor with your quirie. Asking good questions lets your professor know that you are paying attention, seriously engaging with the material, and when they eventually learn your name, it will definitely stand out when they are marking your papers and exams, and that could lead to additional success at university. Read about the work they have done Many, or most of your professors will likely have spent a considerable amount of their academic career either doing research, working in the private, or public (or both) sectors, and perhaps winning accolades and recognition for their contribution to human knowledge and scholarship along the way. It is a good idea to find out more about who your professors really are. Taking an interest in them as both people and professionals, especially if you are doing so during office hours, is a good way to develop a more informal relationship with them. You might also consider working some of their previous scholarship into an essay you are writing for their course. Use a piece of work or scholarship they have done in the past as one of your references and, better yet, critically engage with it while you are using it. Ask a question of it; come up with your own take on something they have worked on, or a question they have posed; professionally, but critically engage with things they have worked on to show them you are serious about the scholarship and course material. Student-professor relationships can aid attrition There is quite a large body of research suggesting that when students and faculty form meaningful relationships (both friendly and professional), students are more likely to want to perform and learn the material, and are even more likely to persevere and complete their university degree. The way you feel about your professor has a large impact on how well to do in their class, and intent is everything. If you decide that you want to do well at something, the chances that you will do well increases. We are hostage to our own psyches much of the time, and once we have decided that we don’t care, or that something is not worthwhile, or worth our time, it is much easier to simply check out than it is to stick it out. If you find yourself in a position where you have lost all hope in a course, or you think that failing is a foregone conclusion, there are essay writing services out there that can help with whatever coursework you are struggling with, or struggling to find the time to do. Human connection is everything, and we rely on our fellow human beings for help, guidance, and helping us get through life. The old adage “it’s not what you know, it’s who you know,” while not absolutely true, is certainly a recurring theme in many aspects of life. University is no different. Keep the above information in mind to maximize your chances of success at university, and for anything essay or assignment-related, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Potts, G. (2016). “4 easy ways to get better grades in courses, as told by a professor.” Elite Daily. Retrieved from: 1577473 Weimer, M. (2013). “Are student-professor relationships more important in hard courses?” Faculty Focus. Retrieved from:

Success at University Knowing Your Professor

Success at University Knowing Your Professor Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Most people’s success at university (academically speaking) comes down to two things: how much work they put in, and how well their professor knows them. You certainly don’t want to be known for being a loudmouth, or disruptive, or obnoxious. But there are things you can do (some subtle, and some much more direct) to form at least a first-name-basis relationship with your professors even in a big lecture. The fact of the matter is, to most of your professors, especially ones who have been teaching the same course for a number of years, you are invisible, or at best, a number. Many earnest professors will make sincere efforts to learn the names of all the students in a smaller class, but you cannot expect one person to remember the names of all the students in a 200-person lecture. For those students who are on a first-name basis with their professors (in a positive way), there are some pretty large benefits. Below are some tips for getting to know your professor, and why it pays to do so. Use office hours and increase your chances of success at university While it is clearly not the case that all university professors will respond to your use of their office hours with better grades, and access to useful, privileged information, many will. Some, in fact, are on record saying exactly that. It makes sense that you should receive special treatment if you attend a one-on-one conversation (which also normally doubles as a study session) with your professor. In the classroom setting, it is very difficult, or next-to-impossible for a professor to give any one student their undivided attention, and if you have something pressing to talk about in-depth, you are better off trying to discuss it outside the classroom. Interacting with your professors outside of the classroom also provides you with an opportunity to get to know them on a more personal level. Most professors will try to maintain a level of professional, courteous detachment from their students to avoid any conflicts of interest, but that doesn’t mean they can’t like certain students more or less. It’s just human nature. Ask questions in class It is important to stress that you can ask questions without being a loudmouth or a frequent disrupter. Ask questions if you truly don’t understand something and are seeking clarification. Do not interrupt a lecture to provide your unsolicited personal opinion on something, to hear the sound of your own voice, to try and show other students you are the smartest person in the room, or to contradict the professor or another student when you aren’t sure whether you are right. You can, however, get a reputation among your professors (and your fellow students) for asking pointed, insightful, clarifying questions. At the end of the day, it is really only important that your professor hear and respond to your question, so you might even decide to wait until the end of the lecture to approach your professor with your quirie. Asking good questions lets your professor know that you are paying attention, seriously engaging with the material, and when they eventually learn your name, it will definitely stand out when they are marking your papers and exams, and that could lead to additional success at university. Read about the work they have done Many, or most of your professors will likely have spent a considerable amount of their academic career either doing research, working in the private, or public (or both) sectors, and perhaps winning accolades and recognition for their contribution to human knowledge and scholarship along the way. It is a good idea to find out more about who your professors really are. Taking an interest in them as both people and professionals, especially if you are doing so during office hours, is a good way to develop a more informal relationship with them. You might also consider working some of their previous scholarship into an essay you are writing for their course. Use a piece of work or scholarship they have done in the past as one of your references and, better yet, critically engage with it while you are using it. Ask a question of it; come up with your own take on something they have worked on, or a question they have posed; professionally, but critically engage with things they have worked on to show them you are serious about the scholarship and course material. Student-professor relationships can aid attrition There is quite a large body of research suggesting that when students and faculty form meaningful relationships (both friendly and professional), students are more likely to want to perform and learn the material, and are even more likely to persevere and complete their university degree. The way you feel about your professor has a large impact on how well to do in their class, and intent is everything. If you decide that you want to do well at something, the chances that you will do well increases. We are hostage to our own psyches much of the time, and once we have decided that we don’t care, or that something is not worthwhile, or worth our time, it is much easier to simply check out than it is to stick it out. If you find yourself in a position where you have lost all hope in a course, or you think that failing is a foregone conclusion, there are essay writing services out there that can help with whatever coursework you are struggling with, or struggling to find the time to do. Human connection is everything, and we rely on our fellow human beings for help, guidance, and helping us get through life. The old adage “it’s not what you know, it’s who you know,” while not absolutely true, is certainly a recurring theme in many aspects of life. University is no different. Keep the above information in mind to maximize your chances of success at university, and for anything essay or assignment-related, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Potts, G. (2016). “4 easy ways to get better grades in courses, as told by a professor.” Elite Daily. Retrieved from: 1577473 Weimer, M. (2013). “Are student-professor relationships more important in hard courses?” Faculty Focus. Retrieved from: Success at University Knowing Your Professor Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Success at University and Getting Your Professor to Notice You Most people’s success at university (academically speaking) comes down to two things: how much work they put in, and how well their professor knows them. You certainly don’t want to be known for being a loudmouth, or disruptive, or obnoxious. But there are things you can do (some subtle, and some much more direct) to form at least a first-name-basis relationship with your professors even in a big lecture. The fact of the matter is, to most of your professors, especially ones who have been teaching the same course for a number of years, you are invisible, or at best, a number. Many earnest professors will make sincere efforts to learn the names of all the students in a smaller class, but you cannot expect one person to remember the names of all the students in a 200-person lecture. For those students who are on a first-name basis with their professors (in a positive way), there are some pretty large benefits. Below are some tips for getting to know your professor, and why it pays to do so. Use office hours and increase your chances of success at university While it is clearly not the case that all university professors will respond to your use of their office hours with better grades, and access to useful, privileged information, many will. Some, in fact, are on record saying exactly that. It makes sense that you should receive special treatment if you attend a one-on-one conversation (which also normally doubles as a study session) with your professor. In the classroom setting, it is very difficult, or next-to-impossible for a professor to give any one student their undivided attention, and if you have something pressing to talk about in-depth, you are better off trying to discuss it outside the classroom. Interacting with your professors outside of the classroom also provides you with an opportunity to get to know them on a more personal level. Most professors will try to maintain a level of professional, courteous detachment from their students to avoid any conflicts of interest, but that doesn’t mean they can’t like certain students more or less. It’s just human nature. Ask questions in class It is important to stress that you can ask questions without being a loudmouth or a frequent disrupter. Ask questions if you truly don’t understand something and are seeking clarification. Do not interrupt a lecture to provide your unsolicited personal opinion on something, to hear the sound of your own voice, to try and show other students you are the smartest person in the room, or to contradict the professor or another student when you aren’t sure whether you are right. You can, however, get a reputation among your professors (and your fellow students) for asking pointed, insightful, clarifying questions. At the end of the day, it is really only important that your professor hear and respond to your question, so you might even decide to wait until the end of the lecture to approach your professor with your quirie. Asking good questions lets your professor know that you are paying attention, seriously engaging with the material, and when they eventually learn your name, it will definitely stand out when they are marking your papers and exams, and that could lead to additional success at university. Read about the work they have done Many, or most of your professors will likely have spent a considerable amount of their academic career either doing research, working in the private, or public (or both) sectors, and perhaps winning accolades and recognition for their contribution to human knowledge and scholarship along the way. It is a good idea to find out more about who your professors really are. Taking an interest in them as both people and professionals, especially if you are doing so during office hours, is a good way to develop a more informal relationship with them. You might also consider working some of their previous scholarship into an essay you are writing for their course. Use a piece of work or scholarship they have done in the past as one of your references and, better yet, critically engage with it while you are using it. Ask a question of it; come up with your own take on something they have worked on, or a question they have posed; professionally, but critically engage with things they have worked on to show them you are serious about the scholarship and course material. Student-professor relationships can aid attrition There is quite a large body of research suggesting that when students and faculty form meaningful relationships (both friendly and professional), students are more likely to want to perform and learn the material, and are even more likely to persevere and complete their university degree. The way you feel about your professor has a large impact on how well to do in their class, and intent is everything. If you decide that you want to do well at something, the chances that you will do well increases. We are hostage to our own psyches much of the time, and once we have decided that we don’t care, or that something is not worthwhile, or worth our time, it is much easier to simply check out than it is to stick it out. If you find yourself in a position where you have lost all hope in a course, or you think that failing is a foregone conclusion, there are essay writing services out there that can help with whatever coursework you are struggling with, or struggling to find the time to do. Human connection is everything, and we rely on our fellow human beings for help, guidance, and helping us get through life. The old adage “it’s not what you know, it’s who you know,” while not absolutely true, is certainly a recurring theme in many aspects of life. University is no different. Keep the above information in mind to maximize your chances of success at university, and for anything essay or assignment-related, get in touch with Homework Help Global. References: Potts, G. (2016). “4 easy ways to get better grades in courses, as told by a professor.” Elite Daily. Retrieved from: 1577473 Weimer, M. (2013). “Are student-professor relationships more important in hard courses?” Faculty Focus. Retrieved from:

Is The American Education System Working - 936 Words

Is The American Education system working? Student loan debt is responsible for $1.2 Trillion of the US s national debt. Over the past several years, the youth of this country’s futures have been based off of social status and test scores. A student from the suburbs of a wealthy community is more likely to go on to a prosperous four year college than a colored male or female from the inner city. These are facts that should not be overlooked; by any means. This subject is not black and white or rich and poor but the battle between the state, and federal government against the youth. The US education system, state and federal are not working properly. For roughly thirty years, international test scores have shown that the United States is falling behind in the education rankings. Many Asian and European countries have much higher test scores. Professionals have argued for years that these rankings are â€Å"Threatening the country’s economic growth†(Carnoy). One test in one year compared to all these countries is very inaccurate and should not be taken so literal. Being that the US is so large, each state is in charge of their own education systems. Many different rules and the way exams are graded could be a variable that is being overlooked year after year. Another variable being overlooked is social class(Carnoy). In many countries, only those who come from middle to upper classes may go to school(Carnoy). Along with that, many there are various regulations that are muchShow MoreRelatedWorking Class Students and Higher Education Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pages　　　　Working Class Student s and Higher Education 　　　Authors Michelle Tokarczyk, Peter Sacks, Robert Haverman and Timothy Smeeding all write about certain problems that working class students are facing in education in the U.S. , especially in college education which is usually defined as higher education. Although they focus on different aspects of the problem, they still have some ideas in common. In their articles, all of them discuss how economic and social class occupies a very significant roleRead MoreEducation Imbalance Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Imbalance Social class is defined as a system of stratification based on access to such resources as wealth, property, power, and prestige (Ferris and Stein). The key word in this definition is access because in order for different member of society to have the resources mentioned, those members need to have access to proper-higher education. Higher education is one of the reasons why, nowadays, the gap between the different social classes in America (the upper-class, middle classRead MoreEducation Systems Of The Us Educational System886 Words   |  4 PagesEducation Systems in Other Countries â€Å"One of the biggest problems in the US educational system is the inadequate condition of many schools located in economically disadvantaged areas†(Morgan, p 291). Morgan’s article is about improving American school system based on how other countries school systems are performing. For the US â€Å"to close the achievement gap in the US [it] include[s] improving teacher education and professional development†(p. 294). According to the article, other countries fare betterRead MoreDavid K. Shipler s Work1696 Words   |  7 Pages David K. Shipler went on a journey trying to reveal the truth about Americas working poor. It was a little difficult trying to find different ways of getting enough information about the life of the poor, and getting them to feel comfortable explaining the stressful life that they lived in America the great. There were many different aspects and situations about people that were struggling to make it in America. David K. Shipler u sed many different research methods on this project, and wentRead MoreA Poor Child Of Poverty924 Words   |  4 Pageshis or her education. When a child is raised on the losing side of the social spectrum goes to school, it isn’t the school that could potentially bring them out from the depths of poverty, but one that keeps them drowning in the same things their parents did. Unlike the poor, the middle class has a lead way to both sides. They are far enough up the spectrum to work hard to reach the top or give up and hit the bottom and the upper class will always have the upper hand. 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In detail, it unravels the struggle of the American school system and how the roles of charter schools has increased. It shows the five different charter schools that each child wants to attend while explaining how it would improve that child’s education. By following their stories, director Davis

Psychoeducation Effectiveness on Military - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1651 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Military Essay Did you like this example? Psychoeducation Effectiveness on Military with PTSD ABSTRACT This research paper explores medical professional’s use of psychoeducation in the treatment of Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with military personnel. Through my research I wanted to find in depth narratives outlining the following questions: Is psycho-education a suitable intervention technique in the treatment of PTSD? If so, when is it correct to use or integrate psychoeducation in the treatment process with military personnel? Also, what have been the results in using psychoeducation as a type of treatment for PTSD with individual military personnel? How do you assess the success of this intervention? Results from exploring the meaning and understanding of psychoeducation, and the effectiveness in the treatment of PTSD revealed subjective results due to timeframe and situation of use with the treatment technique. The data collected from the research suggested the need for more research to be per formed on the effectiveness and best practices of the use of psychoeducation in the treatment of PTSD. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has captured the minds and imagination of the American public especially during this time of war. With the increased violence due to the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, many Soldiers are affected by the violence and the trauma associated with conflict. Post-traumatic stress disorder is defined in the dictionary as a mental disorder, as battle fatigue, occurring after a traumatic event outside the range of usual human experience, and characterized by symptoms such as reliving the event, reduced involvement with others, and manifestations of autonomic arousal such as hyper-alertness and exaggerated startle response (Posttraumatic stress disorder. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Soldiers throughout history have had to deal with the mental, physical and emotional stress associated with combat. Many of the returning Soldiers from the Iraq War h ave indicators of combat related stress or are diagnosed with PTSD. In a speech to the U. S. House Committee on Veterans Affairs’ Health Subcommittee Col. Charles Hoge, M. D. , Chief of Psychiatry and Behavior Services at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research stated that 19% to 21% of troops who have returned from combat deployments meet criteria for PTSD, depression or anxiety. Of these, 15% to 17% of troops who served in Iraq and 6% of those who served in Afghanistan had PTSD symptoms when surveyed three to 12 months after their deployments. In general, PTSD rates were highest among units that served deployments of 12 months or more and had more exposure to combat (Kaplan, 2006, p. 1). The Department of Defense has initiated numerous resources such as Military OneSource, pre/post health assessments, and has increased the behavioral health services that military personnel, veterans can use for mental health resources (Kaplan, 2006). There are several therapeutic a pproaches used in the treatment of PTSD, which include Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment, Family Systems theory, group therapy and psychoeducation. However for the current research, I have chosen to focus on the effectiveness of psychoeducation in the treatment of combat related trauma, also known as PTSD, with military families and veterans, because of the limited body of literature and its flexibility of use with individuals, groups and in a variety of treatment. Psychoeducation has proven to be an effective method in the treatment of many mental illnesses including PTSD. The research strongly suggests that psychoeducation can be effective in reducing symptoms, hospitalization and stigma in a person’s diagnoses with PTSD while providing support and cost efficient treatment. Since the inception of PTSD, several theories of treatment have been introduced focusing on varied aspects of the biological, social and psychological reasons for the development of PTSD. According to the Handbook of Post-Traumatic Therapy, while theories vary, they all had 6 similar assumptions on how trauma affects the individual. Trauma impacts the person’s â€Å"psychobiological state, changes in learned behavior, changes in cognitive processing, changes in self-structure, changes in interpersonal relationships, and the nature of the stressors experienced within the time-space framework of a culture at a historical moment† (Williams, 1987, p. 15). It is important to recognize that each individual has a unique and diverse symptom pattern of PTSD (Wilson, Friedman Lindy, 2001). Therefore, it is necessary to have different treatment theories and interventions available for the clinician’s use. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is considered an anxiety disorder and defined as a â€Å"delayed psychological reaction to experiencing an event that is outside the range of usual human experience events of this type include accidents, natural disast ers, military combat, rape and assault† (Baker, 2003, p. 331). The symptoms of PTSD includes but is not limited to anxiety, and impairment of social and occupational functioning (APA, 2000). PTSD can be a chronic and devastating disorder if treatment is not sought (Creamer Forbes, 2004). Education is designed to â€Å"develop long-term, organized bodies of knowledge and generic problem-solving skills that will help the learner solve personal problems, both in the present and in the future† (Allen 2001). Psychoeducation is the â€Å"process of teaching clients with mental illness and their family members about the nature of the illness, including its etiology, progression, consequences, prognosis, treatment and alternatives (Barker, 2003, p. 347). Psychoeducation’s goal is to offer education and therapeutic strategies to improve the quality of life for the family while decreasing the possibility of relapse for the patient (Solomon, 1996). It also has been described as a â€Å"systematic didactic-psychotherapeutic intervention, designed to inform patients and their relatives about the disorder and to promote coping (Lincoln, Wilhelm, Nestoriuc, 2007, p. 233). By strengthening the coping skills, communication and problem solving abilities of the family, the well-being and adaptability of the individual and family members are expected to improve. Even with limited empirical evidence suggesting the importance of psychoeducation, practical application and experience has proven its effectiveness (Creamer Forbes, 2004; Lansverk Kane, 1998). During my initial research of psychoeducation in the treatment procedure pertained to schizophrenia. Several of the studies conducted on schizophrenia found that patients benefited from psychoeducation, producing a reduction of relapses, better social performance, positive effects on well being, and a better perception and attitudes of family members regarding the illness (Merinder, 2002; Rotondi et al. 2005). A joint effort between the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DOD), referred to as the Joint Clinical Practice Guidelines for PTSD (JCPG-PTSD), publicized its support of the use of cognitive therapies in the treatment of trauma victims (Russell, Silver, Rogers, and Darnell, 2007). Existing data also states that psychological services are beneficial to military personnel and their family members. There is a wide array of information on CBT due to its popularity in empirical studies (Creamer and Forbes, 2004) and its proven effectiveness (Monson, Rodriguez Warner, 2005). CBT is focused on cognition and the use of positive consequences (Cooper Lesser, 2005). Incorporating CBT and psychoeducation in individual therapy involves questions and discussion, note taking and a summary of key points discussed in the session. Educating clients also is a common and essential practice in many therapeutic relations (Allen, 2001). Through conversation w ith fellow soldiers who had been to Iraq/Afghanistan and were diagnose with PTSD, it was stated that no one type of program or therapy was more effective than another, or that they used a variety of treatment options. For the soldiers that experience psychoeducaton the consensus was that integrating psychoeducation in their treatment was an effective intervention method and felt that psychoeducation or education after an incident or diagnosis was useful. In conclusion psychoeducation seems to be a worthwhile method of intervention to be used in the treatment of PTSD and that its treatment has positive outcomes on the patient understanding of the disorder. The data gathered from my small scale research could be built upon for a study or a even more larger scale research. It is important to do further research on which treatment modalities are more or less effective with psychoeducation. As more and more of our military members and Soldiers return from war diagnosed with or suff ering from PTSD like symptoms, it would be beneficial, financial and educational, to train clinicians on the best practices for the treatment of PTSD. References Allen, Jon. (2001). Traumatic Relationships and Serious Mental Disorders. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Barker, Robert L. (2003). The Social Work Dictionary. Washington D. C. : NASW Press. Cooper, M. Lesser J. (2005). Clinical Social Work Practice: An Integrated Approach, Boston: Pearson Education Creamer, M. , Forbes, D. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 388-398. Kaplan, Arline. (Jan 1, 2006). Hidden Combat Wounds: Extensive, Deadly, Costly. In Psychiatric Times, p1. Retrieved July 02, 2007, from Academic OneFile via Thomson Gale: https://find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC-Documentstype=retrievetabID=T002prodId=AONEdocId=A141590763source=galeuserGroupName=mlin_w_smithcolversion=1 . 0 Lincoln, T. M. ; Wilhelm, K. ; Nestoriuc, Y. (2007). Effectiveness of Psychoeducation for Relapse, Symptoms, Knowledge, Adherence and Functioning in Psychotic Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 96 (1-3), p 232-245. Merinder P. (2002) Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from: https://www. mrw. interscience. wiley. com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002831/frame. html Monson, C. , Rodriguez, B. , Warner, R. (2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in the Real World: Do Interpersonal Relationships Make a Real Difference? Journal Of Clinical Psychology 61(6), 751–761. Posttraumatic stress disorder. Random House Unabridged Dictionary.  © 1997 by Random House, Inc. , on Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 24 Jul. 2010  https://www. infoplease. com/ipd/A0515599. html. Russell, M. , Silver S. Rodgers, S. , Darnell J. (2007 ). Responding to an Identified Need: A Joint Department of Defense/Department of Veterans Affairs Training Program in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Clinicians Providing Trauma Services. International Journal of Stress Management 14 (1), p 61-71. Solomon, Phyllis. (1996). Moving from psychoeducation for families of adults with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 47 (12), 1364-70. Williams, Tom. (1987). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A Handbook for Clinicians. Cincinnati: Disabled American Veterans. Wilson, J, Friedman, M. Lindy J. (2001). Treatment Goals for PTSD. In Wilson, J, Friedman, M. Lindy J. (Eds) Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD (pp. 3-27). New York: Guilford Press. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychoeducation Effectiveness on Military" essay for you Create order

Customary International Law Customs - 1437 Words

CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW Customs in international law can generally be defined as rules developed by the practice of states, which rules the states concerned follow because they believe there is a rule of law requiring them to behave as such. Rebecca Wallace (1997) defines it as â€Å"a practice followed by those concerned because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way† (p. 172). Thus, for there to exist a rule of customary international law, there must be a practice that is followed by the generality of states in the belief that there is a rule of law requiring such practice. It is important to distinguish custom from other rules that states may follow not out of any feeling of a legal obligation, such as behavior undertaken out of courtesy, friendship or convenience. The difference between customs and these other norms is the fact that custom is derived from two elements: (a) a material element (state practice) and (b) a psychological element (opinio juris). The material element is derive d from the practice and behavior of states whereas the psychological element is the subjective conviction held by states that the behavior is question is necessitated by a rule of law and not discretionary (Villiger, 1985). State practice includes any act, articulation or other behavior of a state that discloses the state’s conscious attitude with respect to its recognition of a rule of customary international law. The International Law Commission (ILC) in 1950 listed theShow MoreRelatedState X And The Outer Space Treaty1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdeemed Jus Cogens or International Customary Laws. As a result of this, through State X’s actions of claiming the territory as part of its own, State X is violating the treaty and State Y is making a request to the international court to declare State X’s claim of the moon as invalid or void. State X has refuted this claim by arguing that since it was not to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, it is not under any obligations to adhere to it nor is there any international law claiming that its acquisitionRead MoreIs The Ultimate Crime Someone Can Commit?2438 Words   |  10 Pagesof individual security. As a student, these fears most likely consist of physical safety such as being robbed, so an easy fix is just to not walk home alone and be more aware of the environment. If more support is needed, there are campus security, law enforcement officers, and many other resources to turn to for help. Now let’s escalate the situation and imagine a world where we fear not just losing monetary belongings, but we fear for losing our lives and there is no one to turn to for help. TheRead MorePublic International Law Is Formed By Sovereign States1463 Words   |  6 PagesPublic International law is formed by sovereign states, for sovereign states and governed by the notion of con sent. The international Court of Justice under the statute of Article 38, states that when disputes are presented they shall apply International Conventions (also known as treaties), international customs and general principals of law and it shall draw on judicial decisions and the teachings and writings of highly qualified publicists in determining rules of law . The domain of the sourcesRead MoreThe Sources Of International Law1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe sources of international law are laid down in the Statute of the International Court of Justice Art.38 and include: â€Å"1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized byRead MoreCommon Law And Civil Law835 Words   |  4 PagesAt the global level international law is of great importance and the legal systems such as common law, civil law, customary law, and theocratic law exist in different countries across the world. There are about 196 sovereign states in the United Nations Organization and each of the states follows a legal system created by them or by an agreement in the form of regional treaties and other accords. Common law: A common law system according to Samii (2011, p. 112) is based on tradition, judge madeRead MoreInternational Laws : A Common Law System1546 Words   |  7 PagesAt the global level, international laws are of great importance and the legal systems such as common law, civil law, customary law, and theocratic law exists in different countries across the world. There are about 196 sovereign states in the United Nations Organization and each of the states follows a legal system created by them or by an agreement in the form of regional treaties and other accords. Common law: A common law system according to Samii (2011, p. 112) is based on a traditions, judgeRead MoreNicaragua Case1655 Words   |  7 Pagesarticulate what the law is and where it can be found. The sources of international law can be found in article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ states: ‘The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidenceRead MoreEssay about International Laws766 Words   |  4 PagesFirst coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognized as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developingRead MoreBSBINT405B Apply Knowledge Assessment V2 Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Assessment Materials BSBINT405B Apply knowledge of import and export for international conventions, laws and finance To achieve competency in this unit you must complete the following assessment items. All tasks must be submitted together. Tick the boxes to show that each task is attached. Task 1. Theory Exam ☠ NOTE: If this is a group assignment, each member of your group must individually submit a separate and complete copy. Student ID Student Name 41221 Filippo Alexander Juhas ArientiRead More International Law as Law Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Law as Law When comparing apples to pears, one is not making a fair comparison, but a disproportionate comparison. Often times when international law is discussed or attempts are made to understand international law; many often attempt to compare international law with existing laws such as national law or domestic law. Making such disproportionate comparisons leads to many misconceived notions and attitudes toward international law. For an adequate comparison of international

Deeper Wholes free essay sample

Eighteen years ago I fell down a rabbit hole, blue-eyed and full of curiosity. Since then I have had many adventures and become aquatinted with numerous bizarre characters. I have learned ways to grow smaller, been accused of theft, and been led astray. I wandered aimlessly about elementary school and junior high as an outcast, perpetually reading books from behind bangs and thick glasses. I soon saw there were many paths to chose among, signs pointed every which way: Math, English, French, History, Hebrew, Science, Music, Art. While I despised mathematics, I was drawn to writing and English. I would sit at the computer for hours making up stories out of my head. And they were good. I knew that they were, for as the years passed I began to get my work published. After my parents went their separate ways, I would often spend Sundays having tea with the Mad Hatter, but around my fourteenth year, he stopped offering me cakes or sugar in my tea. We will write a custom essay sample on Deeper Wholes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead he served helpings of tofu and brown rice onto my plate. And we no longer dined alone for a slim, red-headed creature had joined the party and I was no longer the guest of honor. Feeling rejected and unloved I set off in search of a way to regain my rightful place at the tea party. I stumbled upon a box of pills that said, Swallow me, with the promise that I would decrease in size. Happily I would spend my hard-earned baby-sitting money on the little orange pals and before I knew it I could fit into my childhood blue dress and apron. Though I was pale, weak, and emaciated, I looked like Daddys little girl. In high school I met a friend named Narcissus. We spent much time together, and although I was quite mindful of her shallow, self-centered ways, I never thought she would intentionally hurt me. However on one particular afternoon, we came upon some tarts which belonged to her majesty the queen. My companion insisted we sample a few but I was proud of my ever-shrinking size, and to me, eating tarts was the equivalent of ingesting acid. Nevertheless Narcissus placed one in my hand and I stared at it in frustration as she devoured a couple. I was so caught up in the smell and texture of the pastry resting in the palm of my hand that I did not notice a guard appear. However Narcissus had spotted him and ran off, quick as the White Rabbit. The guard summoned the Queen and I was blamed for stealing the tarts. My explanations flew over their heads like smoke from a chimney; particles of irrelevancy. I reasoned that the whole accusation was really quite silly, for in my twisted mind, ingesti ng a tart would be a far greater punishment than decapitation. Over at my place of learning, I met a caterpillar who liked to smoke from a funny-looking device he called a hookah. Perched on a mushroom, he would ask me who I was and I began to ponder that question. I knew I was no longer Daddys little princess and Mommie was seeing a new man as well. I was not a mathematician nor a social butterfly. I had gotten very thin but I realized that was not making me happy either. I had incorrectly assumed that as soon as I got thin, really thin, my jigsaw puzzle-like existence would fall into place and show me an arrow of which way to go. I was wrong. Sometimes I feel like I am being chased. The Queen and her guards, the Mad Hatter and his new companion all filled with accusations and threats. I run as fast as my white-stockinged legs can carry me but it is never fast enough. For I cannot run away from myself. All of my life I have felt that I never measure up. Too big, too small, too fast, too slow, there always seems to be some imperfection or flaw. However, unlike the caterpillar, I do not wish to spend the rest of my days smoking on a mushroom, never realizing all the beauty and potential I possess. I want to spread my wings and be all the colors of the rainbow. I want to shed my blue dress and apron and fly off toward new adventures and relationships. It is time. fl

Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet Paper William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† tells the tale of love in a time of conflict. This tragic play follows a young couple known as Romeo and Juliet as they fall in love, get married and die together during the period of just four days amongst a background full of dreadful violence and hatred. The play hinges on a very significant turning point in act 3, scene1 where the main character, Romeo, makes a vital decision which changes the fortune of the young couple’s lives for the rest of the play. Throughout the play Shakespeare uses the contrasting themes of love and hate also the theme of fortune. Celestial imagery, symbolism and irony are used to help convey the themes and show the importance of the turning point in act3, scene1. During act1, the theme hate is strongly expressed through the character Tybalt. Tybalt is a Capulet and cousin of Juliet. A fight starts between the Montague boys and Tybalt and his men, but when Benvolio (a Montague) suggests peace he replies by saying: â€Å"What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee† The theme hate is expressed as the word is repeated twice in one sentence expressing how much Tybalt enjoys violence and that he is more than happy to fight the Montagues. This can be seen as foreshadowing future events as Tybalt is seen another two times wanting to fight with the opposing family. It is emphasised how much Tybalt despises the Montagues as he suggests that he hates them just as much as hell and then he makes it personal by adding in â€Å"thee† showing he hates Benvolio as an individual Montague as much as the rest of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By using a receding list going from something universal to a personal issue, it reflects and emphasises Tybalts anger by suggesting that he hates them in that order showing the power of his hatred for the montagues. However, the contrasting theme of love is later shown in the act when Romeo and Juliet meet each other for the first time and instantly fall in love. Romeo uses celestial imagery to describe how beautiful Juliet is by saying â€Å"o, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! † The alliteration of the â€Å"t† and â€Å"b† helps express Romeos feelings as it helps give the words a soft and meaningful sound. The quote shows that Romeo feels that Juliet is the most beautiful woman there and that she adds light to his dull and dark day. It gives the impression that he is amazed by her and hence shows the power of there love as they have only just met and he is already in awe of her. Act 1 shows the reader the contrasting themes of love and hate as it starts of with a fight and ends with Romeo and Juliet falling in love. It also shows that the play will be unstable as the balance of the love and hate will not last. In act 2 the extent of Romeo and Juliet’s love is strongly expressed. In scene 1, Juliet shows the audience that she does not care that Romeo is a Montague as it is only a name and is not valuable: â€Å"Whats Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, Nor face, nor any other part Belonging to a man† Juliet strongly empresses her feelings by showing that there is nothing to a name as it is a worthless object and will not affect her love for Romeo. If Romeo was to have a different name then he would still be the same person as a name is not a physical â€Å"part belonging to a man†. The repetition of â€Å"nor† also helps emphasis Juliet’s argument as it shows that she feels strongly about this and there is no way she will change her mind. The theme of good fortune is shown in this act as Romeo and Juliet marry the day after they have just met as Juliet tells Romeo, â€Å"Thy purpose marriage†. This is the highest point of luck in the play as everything after this point seems to go wrong as Friar Laurence foreshows that something is going to go wrong: â€Å"These violent delights have violent ends†. The Friar says this just before he marries Romeo and Juliet as he is predicting that something is going to go terribly wrong as they shouldn’t be marrying each other. This is ironic since later in the play he plays a part in Romeo and Juliet’s tragic death. Its almost like Romeo and Juliet are breaking a curse by falling in love despite their families’ hatred for each other but instead of good luck they just bring themselves doom. The audience can clearly see that this is going to be the highest point of the play as nothing much more can happen that is positive because by them marrying each other they are just bringing on bad luck. Act 3, scene 1 is the most important scene of the play as it is the turning point. Once again the Montague and Capulet men battle. Tybalt accidently kills Mercutio and Romeo is left feeling devastated and deeply angered. Romeo makes a fatal decision and decides to take revenge on Tybalt by killing him. â€Å"O, I am fortune’s fool! † It is quite clear that Romeo had forgotten his love for Juliet as his hate took over. This is the point of peripitea as Romeo has realised he has done a terrible thing and as a result he has reversed his fortune with Juliet. The killing of Tybalt is Romeo’s harmatia as it is his fatal flaw and nothing will be the same again. From this point in the play everything that happens is extremely unlucky for the couple. Romeo repeats that he is â€Å"fortunes fool† twice emphasising that this is the turning point for him and Juliet. Misfortune is shown throughout out this act as Romeo is later banished from Verona. At the start of the act bad luck is also shown as Mercutio is killed under Romeo arm which shows the extent of Romeos misfortune: â€Å"I was hurt under your arm. † By Romeo trying to help protect Mercutio, he caused his death which is devastating for Romeo as he was trying to do the right thing but instead his misfortune got in the way. At this point in the play, the audience can clearly see that things are going wrong for the couple as there has been a sudden reversal in their fortune. Act 4 reflects the reversal of fortune as Juliet is forced to marry Paris- the man her father wants her to wed. The extent to which Juliet loves Romeo is shown as she was willing to commit suicide rather than marry another man: â€Å"Then it is likely thou will undertake, A thing like death to chide away the shame. † To stop Juliet from committing suicide friar Lawrence creates a potion which will fake people into thinking she is dead to prevent her from marrying Paris. However due to their bad luck the plan obviously goes wrong as friar Lawrence sends Romeo a letter to inform him on the plan but Romeo doest receive this and instead is informed of her â€Å"death†. This is another example of misfortune caused by the point of peripitea in act 3. As a result of Romeo not receiving this vital piece of information he plans to kill himself showing how much her truly loves Juliet: â€Å" Well, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. † The audience clearly sees that the ending isn’t going to be happy. As a result of the point of peripitea in act3, nothing seems to be going rite and instead there are serious consequences. The final act ends with Romeo and Juliet’s tragic and unfortunate death. As Romeo discovers Juliet lying in a tomb supposedly dead Romeo then kills himself to be with her however, tragically Juliet wakes up just as Romeo has taken poison to kill himself. As a result she takes his dagger and kills herself: â€Å" O happy dagger! This is thy sheath; [Stabs herself]there rust and let me die. [falls on Romeos body, and dies]† This is the final point of their misfortune, resulting in them tragically dying. When Juliet describes the dagger as being â€Å"happy† it is because the dagger will grant her final wish to die and finally be with Romeo. As it shows in the stage directions, she falls on Romeos body symbolising that there finally together at peace. However it is ironic in the fact that they will never be at peace as they both committed suicide which is seen as a crime at that time so they will both have went to hell. The unfortunate timing of their deaths is extremely tragic and the audience can see they were only within minutes of seeing each other. This is the final result of the point of peripitea in act 3. The climax of the play is at the very end when the parents of Romeo and Juliet come together and realise that their families’ fighting has caused their own children’s deaths. When Capulet says â€Å" As rich shall Romeo’s by his lady’s life; poor sacrifices of our enmity! † This shows the realisation of the parents discovering their foolish faults. The audience is left to wonder if the deaths of Romeo and Juliet was the price to pay for the families to unite. The two families uniting at the end over their children’s death is symbolism for the fact that love is born from hate as if their children did not die then they would never have noticed the extent of their wars! In conclusion, Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† shows a clear turning point in act 3 scne1 which dramatically changes the outcome of the play and results in the young couple tragically dying at the end. The play used symbolism to show that Romeo and Juliet had to die because love is stronger then hate. Even though Romeos harmartia badly affected Romeos and Juliet’s future it did not deteriorate their love showing just how powerful love can be. Throughout the play celestial imagery was used through Romeo to describe the true beauty of his relationship with Juliet. The audience was left with a satisfying ending as the parents managed to see past the years of fighting and make up and also Romeo and Juliet managed to die together in peace. This tragic play has a tragic ending but ends on beautiful note: â€Å"For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo. †

Japanese expansionary fiscal policy

Japanese expansionary fiscal policy Introduction Since the fall of the Soviet Union, capitalism has been the most dominant form of economy in the world. With the exception of China and Cuba, few socialist economies survive in the world today. Japan, along with the United States, has some of the oldest capitalist economies in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese expansionary fiscal policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most significant features of the market economy is the cycles that characterize it. Perhaps, the most severe of these cycles is depression which last occurred in 1933. However, recession is devastating as well, and it disrupts many economic processes including credit flow. Both the US and Japan have gone through these cycles and offer a good studying point on the same. While China dethroned Japan as the world’s second largest economy, Japan still presents a model case for world economists in studying its economic cycles. This discussion will focus on the â€Å"scrap and build† strategy that Japan employed early on its economic development especially in industrial development. Additionally, the discussion will take a look at the balance sheet recession that some scholars argue Japan has undergone since the bubble bust in 1989. Scrap and Build Strategy There has been an argument by Burkett and Hart-Landsberg that, since the end of the occupation in 1952, Japan, under the guidance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), practiced a strategy of ‘scrap and build,† which eventually ran out of steam by the end of the 1980’s. Scrap and build strategy mainly focused on the postwar accumulation of assets and industrial restructuring in Japan with the primary aim of restoring the Japanese economy, mainly through exports (Rob 5). Before the oil crisis in 1973, Japan had run down light industries which in the prewar period ensured the country genera ted a surplus for a number of years. The government used this surplus to offer subsidies to heavy industries whose growth will later fuel Japanese capitalism. â€Å"Scrap and build†essentially derived its meaning from the Japanese government policy which emphasized on building heavy industry for chemicals and basic materials for processing imported raw materials while exporting iron, steel, ships and petroleum products (Rob 6). On the other hand, the policy advocated for the scraping of coal mining and agriculture as well as textiles. According to Rob, it is important to note that the scrap and build process involved many socio-political processes that eventually led to its decline (9). Rob adds that the scrap and build process demanded high-level political organization and a social structure that could accommodate the dislocations that the process brought (9).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most observers essentially agree that the scrap and build process was somehow a causality of the cold war and the resultant socio-political consequences that had a negative ripple effect on the entire system. Rob precisely says that the breakdown of the scrap and build process was as a result of the socialist elements in the Japanese system who prioritized development of the welfare state at the expense of market efficiency (10). An objective audit of the entire process will reveal however, a gradual loss of control of the working class by the bourgeois which in effect reduced the effectiveness of labor relations resulting in the decline of the process. Bailey on the other hand argues that the decline of the scrap and build process was as a result of years of cumulative dynamic capitalism ways that were beyond the control of Japan’s economic managers (192). It is not easy to tell if the scrap and build process in Japan would have survived b eyond the 1980’s. However, loss of steam was more or less likely because of economic cycles that ensured that the process peaked at the time. Nonetheless, it is safe to conclude that despite its loss of steam in the 80’s, the process was strong enough to power Japan to greater economic prosperity in the long run. Japan’s balance sheet recession The world economic crisis in 2008 reverberated across the world perhaps because many countries anchor their economies with that of the United States. Currently, the US economy is recovering but, another important economic zone, the Eurozone is undergoing one of its worst economic crises. These situations are comparable to the Japan balance sheet recession and the deleveraging cycles that Japan’s private sector had to go through twenty years ago due to the asset bubble in equities and real estate. According to Weinstein, both the government and the private sector of Japan responded to the crisis by adopting an expan sionist approach to fiscal policy (45). The private sector stated paying big debts, improving by atleast 6% of the gross domestic product. Household savings stood at 4% per year on the backdrop of 0% interest rates (Weinstein 50). The government of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy was however the most significant. The government borrowed heavily and spent approximately $100 to maintain the economy’s expenditure at $1000 (Weinstein 50). Though the balance sheet recession led to a massive loss of wealth, Japan was able to avoid loss of GDP by rates lower than the pre-crisis levels. The expansionary policy by government helped maintain incomes in the private sector as well as in the households in such a way that economic entities were able to pay back debt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese expansionary fiscal policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objective analysis of the situation will conclu de that the Japanese government’s fiscal expansion policies helped stem crowding out, rise in inflation and interest rates especially on the face of a deleveraging private sector. Further, most economists agree that the expansionist fiscal policy that the government undertook helped in shelving the fall of money supply in the Japanese economy mainly because government borrowing from the private sector mitigated severe contraction of Japanese bank assets. Concisely, the expansionary fiscal policy that the Japanese government took was helpful in ensuring that the GDP as well as money supply did not contract on the face of considerable deleveraging by the private sector players. Conclusion In a balance sheet recession situation, the economy tends to be in a free fall. However, the actions by the Japanese government helped stem a complete collapse of the economy through a fiscal expansion policy. It is correct to assert that if the Japanese government lacked action i.e. expansion ary fiscal policy, economic agents in the Japanese economy would have shifted massively from borrowing to savings effectively strangling credit flow. The result will be private sector deleveraging which could only be offset by increased government borrowing. One of the widely accepted notions in the market economy is the role of investor psychology. The perception of economic agents on the health of the economy is important in making decisions. Hence, the perception that the government is taking remedial measures concerning the economy is always crucial in sorting out an economic mess such as the Japanese balance sheet recession. Bailey, David. Crisis Or Recovery in Japan: State and Industrial Economy, New York: Sage Publications, 2007. Print. Steven, Rob. Japans new imperialism, New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weinstein, David. Japans Bubble, Deflation, and Long-Term Stagnation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.

Apple Computers Marketing Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Apple Computers Marketing Channels - Essay Example (Owen, 2004) Management: Along with this an effective management is also required for the development and also for the training of employees in order to have a continue innovation of all the products of Apple for maintaining and retaining sufficient amount of funds, whenever other competitors are introducing new products. Demographic patterns: Females and males from the age level of 12 years and above will be always in a favor of Apple's product due to its all the new innovations, which are able to perform and also to avoid all those facilities, which would greatly appeal them. Overseas influence: The break down of all the barriers, which are in between those countries, which also increase the sales level of all the products of Apple along with this, it would also make people aware from their products. All the products of Apple are currently in the growing stage, with the help of which more and more people are becoming aware from their products and also purchasing their products, and with the help of this the demand is increasing day by day. On the other hand the sales are also growing very fast and profits are also rising very quickly, however apart from this the competitions is also increasing as the competitors are very much cognizant of all the tactics of all the product of Apple. Apple computer, Inc is known a... om the age level of 12 years and above will be always in a favor of Apple's product due to its all the new innovations, which are able to perform and also to avoid all those facilities, which would greatly appeal them. Overseas influence: The break down of all the barriers, which are in between those countries, which also increase the sales level of all the products of Apple along with this, it would also make people aware from their products. 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS: All the products of Apple are currently in the growing stage, with the help of which more and more people are becoming aware from their products and also purchasing their products, and with the help of this the demand is increasing day by day. On the other hand the sales are also growing very fast and profits are also rising very quickly, however apart from this the competitions is also increasing as the competitors are very much cognizant of all the tactics of all the product of Apple. During this innovative stage, there are also many opportunities in order to have wider distribution; with the help of this the sales will be higher and higher. ASSUMPTIONS Apple computer, Inc is known as one of the greatest leader in the world of personal computers (pc) until its cloned IBM pc gained popularity. The market share of Apple slipped in spite of the gained popularity of its MAC great range of computers, which were no doubt sold with the help of all authorized retailers and resellers. In order to regain the market share of Apple, it started selling their products online in 1997 and also with the help of all the company owned retail stores. (Glen, 2006) CORE PROBLEM The core problem of this company is that despite the marketing channels which very truly tells punters that the Cupertino has one of the best quality

Freedom of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Freedom of speech - Essay Example The law should not limit them from using the best tools available, which is what currently exists. This ban is not only discriminatory but unreasonable. It assumes that the persons involved in vandalism are under the age of 21. Further, it suggests that persons in that age group are not able to decipher what constitutes wholesome, responsible and proper behavior from what does not. This ban is an act of suppression of the right to progress beyond limits placed by the authorities. It forces persons under the age of 21 to break laws which hinders on their progress and prevents them from expressing themselves in a wholesome manner. In so doing it casts them in the light of being law breakers. It needlessly casts a level of guilt on that age group and reduces them to the level of criminals when they are really not engaged in wrongdoing. If freedom of speech is to remain the right of all this discriminatory and suppressive ban needs to be removed as it cuts at the core of creativity. The youths should not be made to pay in any way for societal problems such as that which caused the ban. Reference Find Law (n.d.). Vincenty v. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1070582.html

The importance of public policy

The importance of public policy INTRODUCTION Public policy refers to the action or inaction of the government on an issue(s) (Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005). It sets hierarchy by carrying out the choices of those with the command of authority in the public. This makes public policy change very complex as various individuals, organisations and even the state have conflicting interest and capacities. There is therefore the need for coherence of interest/capacities in an attempt to effect a change (Colebatch 2002). AIM: The aim of this paper is to explain the strategies that would be used to effect a change in public policy on road safety in Nigeria. Health Issue and Public Health Importance: Road Traffic Collision (RTC) is a major public health issue globally. It is defined as personal injury resulting from collision of a vehicle with another vehicle(s) or a pedestrian, occurring on the public highway or footways (Worcestershire County Council 2010). The Situation Globally: RTC accounts for over 1.2 million deaths with about 20 to 50 million non fatal injuries (a major cause of disability) occurring annually. It is the 9th leading cause of death globally and is estimated to rise to be the 5th leading cause of death by year 2030 (with about 2.4 million fatalities per year) out ranking public health issues like tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS (presently the 5th leading cause of death) and diarrhoea diseases (WHO 2008). This means that by the year 2030, RTC will be perceived as deadly as HIV/AIDS is today, if urgent action is not taken. The global losses due to road traffic injuries are estimated to cost about 518 billion USD, costing the government between 1 3 % of its gross national product (WHO 2009a). Nigeria: Nigeria is Africas most populous country, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 (World Bank 2010). It is one of the 10 countries with the highest Road traffic death rates in the world (WHO 2009a). RTA is the commonest cause of death from unintentional injuries/ public violence in the country (Nigeria Watch 2007). Usoro (2010) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties occurring yearly. About 90 persons are killed or injured daily and about 4 persons dies or get injured every hour from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of poor reporting and poor recording of road accidents in the country. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher risk of road traffic injuries (Thomas et al 2004) and they are less likely to have the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poverty burden as they lose their bread winner; lose earnings while caring for the injured or disabled, the cost for funeral and prolonged health care (DFID 2003). RTC has its greatest impact among the young and is the third leading cause of death between ages 5 45years (WHO 2009) with a reduction in the Countrys productive force, further worsening the economic situation, thus affecting the country achieving its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are; high speed, alcohol, bad roads, poor vehicle conditions etc (Usoro 2010). Although there is limited literature to show the different percentages of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high speed is most implicated in low income countries (WHO 2009). Studies have shown that a 5% increase in average speed can result in approximately 20% increase in fatal crashes (Transport Research centre 2006) and with a 1mph reduction in average speed there is a reduction in accident injuries by 5% (Finch et al 1994). The introduction of speed cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83% reduction of speed on the island (Environment and Transport select Committee 2004). Reducing speed has also been shown to have positive effects on health outcomes e.g. reducing respiratory problems associated with health outcomes (Transport Research Centre 2006). There is therefore urgent need for action to prevent this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE (POLICY CONTENT): Introduction of speed cameras and enforcement of speed limits on Nigerian roads. Enforcement of speed limits via mobile cameras has been shown to be the single most effective strategy for reducing fatality from RTC (Chisom and Naci 2008). It is thus most rational among other rational strategies but has to muddle its way through the policy process. Hence the nature of change follows the mixed scanning model. For better understanding of the complex multifaceted nature of policy making, the proposed policy change is seen as passing through a process taking place in a particular context influenced by the participants/actors (the policy analysis triangle) (Buse et al 2005). THE POLICY PROCESS: The policy process can be broken down into series of stages called the ‘stages heuristic (Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et al. 2005).It provides a theoretical framework for understanding the times and places where tactical approaches can be applied to influence policy change (Buse et al 2005). Before going on with the policy process, it will be worthwhile understanding the countrys policy context as this will assist in shaping the process. THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT: The proposed health policy change can be affected by the following contextual factors (Leichter 1979): Situational factors: This includes the increasing wide spread public awareness and burden caused by RTA in the country as stated above. Cultural factors: There are about 250 ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major ethnic groups) in Nigeria. The major religions are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and ethnic groups are the most politically influential and most populous in the country (CIA 2009). Most people believe that road accident is spiritual and is caused by evil spirits (Sarma 2007). Hence the religious leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an important role in convincing their followers and improving ownership for community support and policy implementation success. International factors: Road safety issues have increased in momentum on the global agenda (termed the decade of action) with an ambitious target to reduce road fatalities by year 2020. It is supported by international bodies such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN organisation (Commission for global road safety 2009). These bodies will thus have an impact on the formulation of policies, funding, dialogue, planning, and advocacy guidelines for any country embarking on a road safety policy initiative. Structural Factors: (a) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with levels of authority expressed at the federal, state and local government areas. There are 36 states and the federal capital territory, 774 LGAs further divided into 9555 wards (the lowest political unit in the country). There are 3 arms of government, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and state levels. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house (the senate) and the lower house (the House of Representatives) elected from the state senatorial districts and the constituencies respectively. Each state has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to make laws. Each local government area has an elected executive chairman and an elected legislative council of members from electoral wards. The state government has substantial autonomy and control over the allocation and utilization of their resources (WHO 2009b). The Federal Road Safety Commission: This is the lead agency that regulates, enforces and coordinates all road safety management activities at both the national, state and LGA level through their special marshals (Volunteer arm) and regular marshals (Uniformed). They play a major role in determining and enforcing speed limits for various types of roads and vehicles (FRSC 2010). They receive assistance from the police, civil defence corps, NGOS etc. (b) Civil societies, NGOs form e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and interest groups are key actors in public policy making and can participate at the committee stages of how a bill becomes a law. (c)Socio economic situation: Nigeria is classified as a low income group country with a gross national income per capital of $930 (WHO 2009a).This can affect getting the road safety policy on the agenda among many other competing health issues. To the ease the policy issue from the agenda setting to implementation and evaluation, a stakeholder analysis is very important. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS: It helps to key Actors; assess their interest, power, alliance, position and importance in relation to the policy. It will help to identify and act to prevent misunderstanding and opposition to the policy (Schmeer 2000). AGENDA SETTING: This step involves getting the issue onto the policy agenda from among other issues that can potentially be of interest to policy makers (Buse et al 2005). Kingdon (1984) proposed that policies get on the agenda through 3 independent streams (problem, politics and policy stream) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy change is most likely to occur. Mobilising the Media: McCombs and Shaw (1972) first developed the agenda setting theory, showing a strong correlation between media agenda and the public agenda on US presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in telling the public what to think about (University of Twente 2004), will be mobilised to influence the publics opinion and consequently the government through TV and radio programmes/ News, News papers and articles from professional bodies with emphasis on the magnitude and possible solution to reducing the mortality from road traffic accidents. Restriction can also be made to misleading adverts which will encourage speed. Personal experience of RTC (direct or indirect) could be a more powerful teacher than the media (University of Twente 2004) but both will complement each other in improving the public agenda and subsequently the policy agenda. POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION: This involves the steps taken after the issue is placed on the agenda up till when it is implemented. This part of the process strongly lies in the domain of the legislators which determines how a bill becomes law and is implemented as shown below: Formulation Strategies: To keep the issue on the agenda through this stage, there is need for: Continuous campaigns and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying (mobilizing the public to contact legislators or other policy makers about the problem) and Direct Lobbying (Phone calls, writing of letters, face to face interactions), Mass Support by attending committee meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the agenda, Bargaining for supporters from the legislators to improve Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the process by which a policy is turned into practice (Buse et al 2005). The bottom -up approach (Lipsky 1980) will be a very good approach for the implementation such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy makers. However, attempt will be made to include the top-down approach in order to minimise deviation from the intended policy outcome. The implementation process would require time and resources and should be a gradual process. It would be worthwhile having a pilot project in an area identified by researchers to have a high mortality from RTA before implementation at a National level. Initial rapid needs assessment: The road safety system would be assessed to find out what is needed. The team should include; the police, road safety commission, researchers, health economist, NGOs, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical teams, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of transport, support from developmental partners, community/religious leaders and involving the government at all levels. The assessment will provide scientific, managerial and technological functions of the policy from planning to evaluation. On identification of the specific needs, the implementation work plan will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a key role in advocating within their communities/religious groups in convincing their followers that RTC can be prevented and is not spiritual. Implementation schedule: Legislation to specify speed limits applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic check points which should be areas identified to have a relatively high RTC resulting from high speed. Random positioning of the team to monitor vehicle speed with the mobile speed cameras Fines to be paid by violators will be fixed and revenue generated be used for maintain and purchase of speed cameras. License suspension of violators who violates the law over a specific number of times as will be stated. The use of publicity to inform the public on the new law, its benefits and penalties. EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK: Buse et al (2005 p) defines evaluation as research designed specifically to assess the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to determine whether the programme or policy is worth pursuing further The engineering model suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy decisions but however this is completely not applicable as there tends to be gaps between the two communities. Advocacy coalition is needed to reduce this gap and should include improving the knowledge of policy makers by providing a range of different research reports via the media, conferences and seminars, ensuring that major policies have evaluations built into their budgets and implementation plans and establish intermediate institutions to review research and determine its policy implications e.g. NICE in England and Wales (Buse et al 2005). The evaluation process will involve the use of the formative evaluation (qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, progress reports) at the early stage to provide advice to policy makers. It may then be used to modify and develop the program. It will also involve the use of a summative evaluation (quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates) which measures outcome and the extent to which the programme has met its objectives. Evaluation of the performance: Speed limit enforcement will also be done at the micro, meso and macro levels. The micro level will include accessing performance of the teams at the district levels, the effectiveness of the enforcement protocols used, the level of corruption and any implementation gaps. The meso level will include accessing performance at the organisation level which will include the time taken to attend to offenders when referred to the road safety centres, and their role assisting and supervising the team at the district level. The macro level: this involves accessing financing of the programme and its function at the national or international level. CONCLUSION: The policy process is a cyclical process occurring in the environment of a changing political context. There is thus the need for continuous advocacy coalition networking, monitoring and evaluation at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, drinking and driving which are not fully implemented in the country should not be neglected as future plans should be made to further reduce the burden of RTC to the barest minimum. The implementation of the mobile speed cameras and speed limit enforcement will help reduce RTC mortalities and disabilities, improve research and also quality of life thereby unlocking growth and freeing resources for use on other health concerns with the view of achieving the MDGs. References: Aeron-Thomas, A., Jacobs, G.D., Sexton, B. 2004. The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor : Bangladesh and India case studies [Online]. Available at: www.grsproadsafety.org//The%20Poor_final%20final%20report.pdf. [Accessed: 9 March 2010]. Buse, K., Mays, N. and Walt, G. 2005. Making health policy. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2009. The world fact book- Nigeria [Online]. Available at: http://www.cia.gov/library/publication/the -world-factbook/print/ni.html. [Accessed: 23 February 2010]. Commission for global road safety. 2009. A decade for action for road safety: a brief planning document [Online]. 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