Tourism: Vital To The Caribbean Region

touristry Vital To The Caribbean RegionThe impact of touristry on the physical environment has both negatively and positively affected the natural re descents of Caribbean countries. Over the years more population argon engaging in eco-tourism which forces the mess of a county to preserve its wild life, flora and fauna, which are seen as tourism assets. When fees are charge to visit the preserved tourism assets of a country it assists to repay funds to aid in maintenance and protection of the tourism assets. Therefore tourist interest in ecotourism can be sustained for the country. Negatively, the tourists can prepare a destructive effect on a countrys ecological system. The Caribbean has coral reefs which are infamous for containing rare species of animal life. By tourist engaging in the water activities such as diving and snorkelling, they are flat affecting the menace species which will seek to migrate when there habitat is being invaded. The endangered species may also di e. In addition engaging in water sports will cause physical damage to the coral reef which will undo it.Economically tourism has significantly played a major role in the development of many Caribbean countries. Due to tourism, of jobs have an abundance been created in the Caribbean directly and indirectly. According to (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2012) In 2011 Travel and Tourism accounted for 614,000 jobs in the Caribbean directly from the Travel and tourism industry, this figure is expected to attach by 1.7% in 2012. The creation of jobs provides an income and the multiplier effect comes into play whereas those persons who are directly employed to the tourism industry will eventually spend their income for it to circulate in the countrys frugality until it is leaked. The leakage concept states that money generated by one country is anomic to another. Leakage occurs in Caribbean tourism in many forms, one of which includes chain hotels own by foreign investors sending bac k profits to their home countries so the majority of the income does not remain in the Caribbean. Caribbean counties heavily depend on tourism for economic viability this can be change within a day with natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes which can destroy roads, airports, hotels, because tourism is the main source of income for some Caribbean countries this would leave them helpless.Tourism encourages the public and private vault of heavens of a country to build and improve tourism infrastructures (roads, hotels, airports etc.), leisure amenities (gyms, clubs, etc.). By doing this the local people benefits since they are able to use it for themselves even though it was intend for the tourist. Tourism inspires the local people to preserve their traditional customs, festivals, and cuisines since tourists are interested in close. The culture of the Caribbean are often times sold by the local alliance members especially areas where the tourist resorts are found. This h elps the community members to generate an income for themselves and their families, from which the government can increase tax revenues for the country. Though community tourist benefits the locals there are still negative impacts associated with community tourism. This includes, invasion of privacy by foreigners, drugs can be brought into the community or sold to tourist there which shows the country in a negative light. The morals and values of local people can be lost through adaption of the foreigners culture.The relationship of tourism to the economy of Caribbean countries can be described as developing. The Caribbean is seen as the most tourism dependent region in the world, with the tourism sector contributing to 36% of the GDP (Caribbean Region Tourism, n.d.). There are over 900,000 persons directly and indirectly employed to tourism industry according to the (Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), 2002). This figure contributes significantly to the growth of the GDP since em ployment will help to increase the standard of living for individuals. With tourism industry thriving for Caribbean countries others sectors that are linked to the tourism industry can benefit from the productivity such as the agriculture sector. There are however some challenges that the Caribbean tourism sector is facing. The tourism sectors of the Caribbean need to be more competitive in order to stay on top since more countries are turning to tourism as a feasible option to boosts their economy. Tourism is a capital intensive activity which Caribbean countries rely heavily on, therefore it is essential to consider these keys variable of tourism as it relates to the Caribbean economies the impact on GDP, Inter-sectoral impacts, balance of payments, Investment, Government revenue.Referanceshttp//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ Rita kennedy no datehttp//traveltips.usatoday.com/positive-negative-effects-tourism-63336.html

Fantasy Trading and Legality Thereof

conceive of Trading and Legality ThereofABSTRACTRegulators argon at a crossroads. On ace hand, innovation in businesses should non be stifled by excessive and outdated regulation. On the separate hand, thither is a real need to cherish the users of these services from fraud, liability and unqualified service providers. This predicament is far more complex than it seems, since regulators be confronted here with an aline of perplexing questions. Firstly, tin these practices be qualified as innovations worth protecting and encouraging? Secondly, should the regulation of these practices serve the very(prenominal) ends as the existing rectitudes for equivalent mercenary services? Thirdly, how can regulation keep up with the evolving nature of these groundbreaking practices? The answer to these questions has a private answer Very little is known intimately the socially effective ways of consistently regulating and promoting innovation. This article deals with the legality of conjuration business using tests, various schools of thought and a comparative analysis, among other things. Additionally, the article also seeks to delve into the question of regulation per se. That is to say how much regulation, if whatsoever, is just and apt keeping in mind that the world is now have with innovation than ever before.In a global context, are fantasy calling and especially fantasy sports commerce a harmless distraction or an unregulated business area poised to be a multibillion-dollar industry or both? Do fantasy vocation and illegal frontting excrete in the same moral spectrum? These questions, among others, are pertinent to posting because of this simple reason Demographics. Nearly 57 million people play fantasy sports in the U.S and Canada totally1.Backdrop The issue of legalityIn early October 2015, the biggest scandal to hit the young fantasy sports industry was reported by the New York Times. An employee at Draftkings, a Boston- base daily fantas y website, released privileged fantasy draft teaching before the start of the third week of the National Football League (NFL) season. This employee won $350,000 that same week at FanDuel, a rival daily fantasy website hailing from New York.2 FanDuel and DraftKings have become the two biggest entities in the fast-growing daily fantasy sports industry. DraftKings alone expected to pay out $1.2 billion in cash doughs in 2015.3 Industry estimates anticipate that $2.6 billion in contest entry fees will be paid this year crosswise the industry and that by 2020 partaking will rise up to $14.4 billion. In July, Fox Sports, one of the biggest TV Networks, led a $ tether hundred million funding round for Draft Kings.4Despite this, non all was hunky dory for the fantasy sports industry as the events of October had a tremendous impact on daily fantasy sports websites. Eric Schneiderman, Attorney General of New York demanded DraftKings and FanDuel to stop accepting New York-based players, a s their games constituted illegal gambling under New York carry law. Joining the bandwagon, Attorney Generals in five other states declared that the daily fantasy games are a form of gambling or illegal under state laws. The states include Texas, Illinois, Hawaii, Vermont and Mississippi. Offering a differing view, Rhode Islands attorney general declared the activity legal but said it needs to be regulated. On October 8th, a class action lawsuit was instituted in a New York national court alleging that the two companies fraudulently induced players to pay money for contests without proper mention that union employees could play the contests with privileged information giving an impression of Insider Trading5. Nevada has banned both sites from operating in-state until the companies, and their employees, receive state gambling licenses an action that would officially curb daily fantasy sports as gambling operations in the US6. This presents a challenge to legal scholars and pol icy makers as under federal sports degenerate laws in the U.S, sports gambling is deemed illegal in all states except four7. Even under the Interstate Wire Act of 1961, it is illegal for sports gambling information to be transferred across state lines unless both states have a legalized sports gambling regime.In Australia, there is a segregation betwixt fantasy profession games which are permitted by Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and the ones operating without any such license provided by ASIC. Such games are warned by the ASIC8. According to the ASIC, fantasy stock trading firms could be flouting the law if they incentivize or reward real trades. Additionally, firms facilitating such trading must obtain an Australian Financial Services license.The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), on August 30, 2016 issued a press release9 warning investors about such schemes. It further clarified that these schemes are neither approved nor endorsed by SEBI or any other SEBI recognized exchange. Furthermore, in its caveat, it also stated that the benefits generally available to an investor such as the dis vomite resolution mechanism as well as the grievance redressal mechanism would not be available to the concerned participant. Similarly, even the Bombay straining Exchange issued an advisory against such leagues/competitions and schemes etc.10ANLYSIS AND EXAMINATION OF ITS LEGALITYIt is the authors submission that it is detrimental to declare a bud and more importantly an innovative industry illegal without qualification. Unfortunately, there are currently no laws for fantasy trading and fantasy sports companies.In the US, if a website qualifies as a fantasy sports provider under the Uniform lucre Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA), so long as the website fulfills three statutory obligations, it is notconsidered to be a gambling transaction and is therefore free from all of the regulations and restrictions gambling law provides11. An evergreen comparison in the spheres of law, public policy and economics is at of securities trading and sports gambling. Many investors buy stock for the same reasons that gamblers may choose certain slots machines, lottery numbers, or squares on a roulette table, or choose to bet or fold a certain poker hand.12 Findings by scholars like Christian Hurt conclude that, despite being structurally different, sports riotous and the securities commercialise are not very different when it comes to the balance of chance and skill required to be successful in either.It is the submission of the author that it is conceivable to mystify fantasy football into a comparison between sports betting and securities exchanges. At this juncture, it is imperative to note that the business model of fantasy stock trading is mostly similar to fantasy sports trading.The position of law in the USA with regards fantasy trading is fascinating. Fantasy trading is legal in the US but is largely unregulated by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). The process of creating a regulatory framework for this industry is underway13. Despite a strict prohibition on sports betting in the US, the Congress has not touched upon, rather intentionally, online fantasy sports. To illustrate, in 2006 Congress passed the UIGEA. The Act made it illegal for those engaged in the business of betting or wagering to knowingly accept funds connected to illegal internet gambling. But the Act creates an explicit exception for fantasy sports games14. The exception enunciates(I) totally prizes and awards offered to harming participants are established and made known to the participants in advance of the game or contest and their value is not determined by the number of participants or the amount of any fees paid by those participants. (II) All winning outcomes reflect the telling knowledge and skill of the participants and are determined predominantly by put in statistical results of the performance of ind ividuals (athletes in the case of sports events) in multiple real-world sporting or other events. (III) No winning outcome is based(aa) on the score, point-spread, or any performance or performances of any singlereal-world team or any combination of such teams or(bb) solely on any single performance of an individual athlete in any single real-world sporting or other event.15Hence, games based upon the performances of several individuals/teams over several games, set prizes and the relative knowledge and skill of participants prevent fantasy trading from being deemed as gambling operations and illegal.It is the opinion of the author that it is paramount to examine whether fantasy trading constitutes illegal online betting. Erick Lee, for example, opines that fantasy games do not constitute illegal betting, nor are such games plagued with the same public policy problems as traditional gambling barely restricted statutory regulation within hypercompetitive high payout fantasy leagues should be enacted.16 On the contrary, Nicole Davidson distinguishes between Games of Chance and Games of Skill and determines that fantasy sports rely on chance more than skill. This, tied with the entrance fee consideration most participants pay, may put fantasy trading in conflict with federal and state laws, Davidson argues.17For sake of our analysis, cite has been made to a particular framework computed by scholar Christine Hurt. To Hurt, attempts to distinguish most any kind of gambling from most any kind of invest are illusory.18 She thus rejects the traditional distinction, still used by courts today, of games of chance versus games of skill and replaces it with a spectrum of speculation ranging from games of pure chance to games of pure skill.19 According to Hurt, Sports Betting, Stock Trading, and Insider Sports Betting all sit right in the middle, between Pure Chance and Pure Skill. She also finds trading in derivatives markets, and day-trading, to be more based in cha nce than sports betting meanwhile, illegal insider sports betting and insider stock trading are more based in skill than individual stock trading.20 In an analysis of where fantasy sports, particularly daily fantasy sports, sits on this spectrum, the answer falls lies between sports betting, stock trading, and insider sports betting.It is difficult to come up with many logical reasons to ban sports gambling on one hand, but allow stock trading on the other. Hurt points to dated arguments for paternalism, social order, and ethical motive as reasons for historys self-conceit for gambling. Arguments against gambling may focus on the immorality of either striving to achieve something without earning it or worshiping luck and therefore straying from monotheistic Judeo- Christian teachings.21 the true be told, determining figuring out a regulatory environment for fantasy trading through the lens of social policy and moralistic arguments is a messy affair.I would now analyze the structu re of fantasy trading in order to determine its legality. The determination would be based on three facets operational, contractual and regulatory. The author would also look into the legalities of gambling as it falls in the same domain as the securities market and fantasy trading. It is pertinent to note that fantasy stock trading sozzledly mirrors the Securities Market. The service provider manages the information they receive, publishes it selectively and profits based off the information they provide. Lets analyze fantasy trading using a three prong test. First, an examination of the operational structure of a fantasy trading transaction shall be done- who participates, who aids the transaction, in whose control the information is, timeline, expenses and changes made to the contract etc. Second, the contractual consideration is perused. Thirdly, the regulatory framework surrounding the transaction and the industry shall be looked into. We would be looking into the fantasy tra ding industry and regulations of the US, as there exists little legal literature on this subject matter in India.The CompetitionWhen it comes to stakeholders, there exist four of them. Participants are the ones who compete in the fantasy leagues. Host sites are the websites where information, news updates and statistics are stored and released. Commissioners oversee the league rules and solve disputes amongst players. Treasures collect money from the participants. However, due to multiple roles fictitious by one stakeholder, effectively, there exist only two stakeholders the participants and the hosting website. Needless to say, the structure of the competition bears a resemblance to internet gambling and stock trading.The esteemAll participants pay entry fee. Participants can be denied at the behest of the commissioners/treasurers. The participant provides money in exchange for the chance of greater winnings. This is problematic as this is what makes one instantly compare illeg al gambling with fantasy trading. In exchange, the website, provides as consideration the information available on their website, a stake in the prize and other website functions. Under terms of use websites also require participants to agree to all terms, including age limits, refund policies and conditions of participation. This generally exists by way of Standard mould Agreement.The Regulatory frameworkMuch of the current controversy surrounding daily fantasy sports is centered on the exceptions that allow fantasy sports sites to operate despite federal antigambling laws.22Other laws that have put a blanket ban on online sports gambling have not been applied to fantasy sports. Despite the 1961 Wire Act, it has not been applied to fantasy sports leagues. There is no indication that any fantasy sports companies are banned under the Illegal Gambling Business Act.MEASURES THE BEST tush FORWARDA complete ban is strict no-no because of its economic consequences. Banning, I believe, s ends across a specious message to innovators. However, the author does understand the number of challenges these innovative practices poses on regulators. The first question to be asked here is when should fantasy trading be considered economically and legally relevant? How can the regulators strike the balance between the advancement of innovation and protection of customers from fraud and liability? A monstrous problem with any regulator across the world, I believe, is the misapplication of legal tools in innovative practices. Ex Fixing tariffs by way of regulations for disruptive business models such as Ola and Uber is counterproductive to the innovation ecosystem.23 To conclude, the formula has been Changed Game + said(prenominal) Rules = Game OverOther option, albeit risky, is that of self-regulation. The fantasy sports trading industry is the US is largely self-regulated. This is depicted in the age restriction and other terms of use. Furthermore, employees of the company or immediate family members of said employees employees of any competing fantasy sight and any immediate family member employees of any sports governing body that has access to privileged information or is barred from participating in sports bets and more are prohibited from entering a contest.24 There are a few rules designed to protect participants from frauds. But, the problem with self-regulation is that in a country like India this form of governance is unprecedented. More so, we do not know how the industry enforces these rules. For example When it comes to enforcing the employee ban on participation, the scandal in the world of fantasy trading was created by an employee who won $350,000 by playing at another, rival site.CONCLUSIONAn important facet to fantasy trading that places it in the legal gamut is negotiability. Without negotiability which means the ability to raise the stakes or change the nature of the investment, any skill the participant may look at on the table is fu tile. They are left to the fancies of chance. For example Stocks are negotiable. That is to say while the terms of the stock may be fixed at any time they can buy more stock or sell stock. They can even wield influence over the company. Likewise, in fantasy sports trading, participants can trade athletes with other with other participants or auction for new athletes. They exercise a lot of influence over negotiating their stake in the league.Fantasy trading is the middle grounds of share trading which is legal and online betting games like sports betting which is largely illegal. The more interested parties join in this industry, the tougher it will be to criminalize fantasy trading. The state views skill based games as legal and greater the needle points towards worshipping luck, the more chances of the game being deemed illegal. It is my opinion that Fantasy trading is completely legal so long as these games have longer timeframes, modest jackpots and smaller groups of participant s. Games with short timeframes, giant jackpots and large participation come close to illegal gambling.Final thoughts are that we need some framework of regulation. An absolute ban is a thumb down. A policing system must be put in place to forbid employees from using potential privileged information to win big, ensuring that service providers are fairly handling the entry fee and distributing awards and checking for conflicts of interests between participants among other things. A robust dispute resolution mechanism is required in order to keep fantasy trading a legitimate and kindly industry.*************1 http//fsta.org/research/industry-demographics/2 Joe Drape and Jacqueline Williams, Scandal Erupts in Unregulated World of Fantasy Sports. NYTIMES.COM, Oct. 5, 2015.3 Bob Hohler, An uncertain line between fantasy sports, gambling. BOSTONGLOBE.COM, Aug. 2, 2015.4 Dustin Gouker, Are FanDuel and DraftKings Television Partnerships All Locked In After Summer Flurry? LEGALSPORTSREPORT.C OM, Aug. 12, 2015.5 Supra n. 2.6 Joe Drape, DraftKings Continues to Operate in Nevada NYTIMES.COM, Oct. 18, 2015.7 Andew Vacca, Sports Betting Why the United States should go all in. Willamette Sports lawfulness Journal.8 Georgia Wilkins, Fantasy Stock trading in ASIC sights. THE SUNDAY MORNING HERALD, March 28, 2016.9 http//www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/detail/34568/yes/PR-SEBI-CAUTIONS-INVESTORS10 http//www.bseindia.com/news_section/atten_investors.htm11 Marc Edelman, A Short Treatise on Fantasy Sports Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 35 (2012)12 Christine Hurt, Regulating Public Morals and Private Markets Online Securities Trading, Internet Gambling, and the Speculation Paradox, 86 B.U.L. Rev. 37113 https//www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-bulletins/ia_fantasytrading.html14 Marc Edelman, A Short Treatise on Fantasy sports and the Law How America regulates its new national pastime, 3 Harv. J. Sports Ent. L. Rev. 1, 37 (2012).15 31 U.S.C.A. 5362 (2006).16 Erick S. Le e, Play ball Substituting Current Federal Non-regulation of Fantasy sports leagues with limited supervision of hyper-competitive leagues, 29 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 53, 87 (2008-2009).17 Nicole Davidson, Internet gambling should Fantasy sports leagues be prohibited? 39 San Diego L. Rev. 201, 228-229 (2002)18 Christine Hurt, Regulating public morals and private markets Online securities trading, internet gambling, and the speculation paradox, 86 B.U.L. Rev. 371, 377 (2006).19 Christine Hurt, Regulating public morals and private markets Online securities trading, internet gambling, and the speculation paradox, 86 B.U.L. Rev. 371 (2006).20 Id. at 378.21 Id. at 402.22 Marc Edelman, A Short treatise on Fantasy sports and the Law How America regulates its new national pastime, 3 Harv. J. Sports Ent. L. Rev. 1, 37 (2012).23Akshay Deshmane, Delhi readies policy to fix tariff ceiling for Uber, Ola ECONOMICTIMES.INDIATIMES.COM, Aug. 11, 2016.24 Draftkings Terms of Use, https//www.draftkings.c om/help/terms. Fanduel Terms of Use, https//www.fanduel.com/terms.

Origin of the Ifugao Tribe

Origin of the Ifugao TribeThe none of the chosen purification is Ifugao. The origin of the Ifugao comes from the term Ipugo, which means from the hill. According to their mythology, their name is derived from Ipugo which refers to the rice grain given to them by their God, Matungulan. Also, some others say that the name comes from the word I-pugaw which loosely translates to waitants of the e artistryh. Neighboring quite a little refer to the Ifugao people as Kiangianl. Today, the people who inhabit this province refer to themselves as the Ifugao, although the atomic number 18a contains people who are not.The Ifugao last inhabits an area of roughly 750 to 970 square miles in northern Luzon, which is located in the Philippines. The culture resides in the most rugged and massous parts of the Philippines, which is high in the Gran Cordillera Central in northern Luzon. The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is consumed with a wide variety of natural areas. According to Fo wler, The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is a jumbled mass of lofty peaks and plummeting ravines, of small fecund valleys cleaved by rainfed, boulder-strewn rivers, and of silent, mist-shrouded, moss-veiled forests wherein orchids in their deathlike beauty unfold like torpid butterflies. The kenous peaks rise from 1,000 to 5,000 meters and are drained by the urines of the Magat River. According to Siangho, Their neighbors to the north are the Bontco to the vitamin E Gaddang to the west Kankanay and Ibaloy and to the south the Ikalaham and Iwak. It is believed the Ifugao were likely inhabitants of the nearby fertile plains, which is greatly opposite of their current dwelling. It is also believed that they were driven out of these plains by Malaysians because of their superior weapons. This is why they before long reside in the mountain side.The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelago of approximately 7,000 islands. The first people arrived about 100,000 years ago . These individuals were hunters and gatherers who survived off of the lands basic resources. Thousands of years later, people arrived from Asia and brought with them agricultural skills and loving structure. From this cross-cultural intermingling, a culture was created and the Philippines was born.The language name of the Ifugao people is Ifugao. The language family proceeds like this Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon South-Central, Cordilleran Central, Cordilleran Nuclear, and then Cordilleran Ifugao. in that respectfore, the language family of the Ifugao language is Malayo-Polynesian.There are Four divergent dialects of the Ifugao language Amganad, Batad, Mayoyao, Tuwali, each with distinct varieties Amganad Burnay Ifugao, Banaue Ifugao Batad Ayangan Ifugao, Batad Ifugao, Ducligan Ifugao Tuwali Apao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, and Lagawe Ifugao.As stated by The Ifugao native people, The Ifugao sacrifice a language that changes from village to village. accent and ch ange of pronunciation screw make it a real challenge to maintain a conversation between neighboring villagers. However, an official language dictionary has been produced.Population within Ifugao fraternity in the twentieth century has varied anywhere from 60,000 to over 100,000. According to Malone, Population density in some areas approaches cd per square mile. The only architectural structures noted for this group of people are the houses in which they reside and their extensive rice patties that extend from halfway up the mountain side all the way d aver to the bottom of the valley.The Ifugao people persist in hamlets. These are like tiny communities that are located alongside the mountain near an avowers rice patty. There are approximately 8 to 12 houses per hamlet. There are also buildings for the unmarried, which is discussed later in this assignment.The houses of the Ifugao people are truly small. The typical household consists of the nuclear family. A nuclear family i s a family consisting of only a mother, father and their children. Once a child becomes a teenager and he or she is old enough to take care of his or herself, they go in live in either boy or girl homes. typically the Ifugao house sits on four sturdy posts, with no windows. According to Fowler, Inside there is an open earth and stone fireplace for cooking and floor mats for quiescency and sitting. Family paraphernalia, often(prenominal) as baskets, bowls, clothing, skills (human and animal), and magic items, are hung from the walls or stacked on carved shelves. Although Ifugao houses vary little from this basic configuration, houses of nobility often feature differences, such as massive Hagabi lounging benches, decorated attic beams, kingposts and doorjambs carved with human effigies, and ornate exterior frezies portraying pigs, carabao and other animals.The adults and their smaller children (ones who cannot take care of themselves) live unneurotic while children who can mainta in their own lifestyle live in different houses. When the teenagers reach the age where they become interested in the opposite sex, the mannish teenagers leave their house during the day to meet females in other houses. From this intermingling, checks eventually clay. Soon after a girl becomes pregnant, the couple will wed. After marriage, the couple will either build their own home, live in a home of someone who has died without kids, or live in a home go away by one of their parents. After they settle in to their house, it is the moms duty to take care of the child and the dads duty to provide for the family.People in the Ifugao culture live a very basic lifestyle to make a living. The usual lifestyle consists of agriculture and hunting, with anthropologists characterizing the adaptive strategy as agriculturists. According to Malone, Ifugao subsidence is derived primarily from agriculture (84 percent) with an additional ten percent derived from the raising of aquatic fauna, su ch as minnows and snails, in flooded rice fields. The remaining six percent of subsistence bear on fishing (fish, eels, frogs, snails and water clams) hunting (deer, dotty buffalo, wild pigs, civet cats, wild cat, python, iguana, cobra, and fruitbat) and gathering of insects (locusts, crickets, and ants) as well as large variety of wild plants. As we can see, the main duties are tending to the rice patties. The men are usually the ones that participate in the hunting and fishing. When the men hunt after wild deer and pig, they usually use hunting dogs to assist them. The dogs are not raised to eventually eat (like some nearby cultures) the Ifugao people respect and applaud dogs.The Ifugao political system is better characterized as a sociopolitical organization. According to the article, Ifugao Sociopolitical Organization, Traditionally, social differentiation has been based on wealth, measured in terms of rice land, water buffalo and slaves. The wealthy aristocrats are known as kadangyan. The ingestion of hagabi, a large hardwood bench, occurs their status symbolically. The Ifugao have little by way of a buckram political system there are no chiefs or councils. There are, however, approximately 150 regulates (himputonaan ), each comprised of several hamlets in the effect of each district is a defining ritual rice field (putonaan ), the owner (tomona ) of which makes all agricultural decisions for the district.Government is poorly established among the Ifugaos. According to Malone, The functions of government are (or were) everlasting(a) by the operation of collective kinship obligations, including the threat of blood feud, together with common understanding of the adat or custom law given the people by stem heroes, in particular the inviolability of personal and property rights.Men earn respect jibe to their rice patties. The bigger their patty is, the higher the status they have in the community. Also, within the Ifugao community, there is a rice chief. The rice chief is one of the leading priests and the people respect him for religious authority, but he does not have ultimate authority over the Ifugao people. For the most part, people are on their own when it comes to government control.According to Malone, Each sibling group is the center of an exogamous, bilateral kindred. Essentially, this is descent traced and kinship groups assigned through both male and female lines with marriages being outbred instead of inbred relationships between families. Basically, people dont splice within their family, but outside of it.The adults and small children all live together. When the child comes of age, which is basically a teenager, they move out of their parents house and live on their own in a second house with other kids their age of the same sex. When the men begin to search for wives, they leave their houses during the day and the women stay in their homes to approach and welcome men. They start in a very cool and calm atmos phere, such as jokes and casual talk, but eventually relationships form. After a girl becomes pregnant, they will wed. At this point the couple will either build their house or inhabit a house left by their parents or someone who has passed away without children. When they are settled in, the mothers duty is to care for the child while the father hunts for food for the family.Marriage within the Ifugao culture is quite simple. The pattern form of marriage in the Ifugao society is monogamy. Monogamy is being married to only one person at a time. Although monogamy is widely usage, polygyny is practiced occasionally by the wealthy. Even thought the definition of polygyny is that either male or female may have dual spouses, it is mainly the males that have multiple wives. In these situations, the first wife has higher authority and status than her co-wives.According to Malone, Marriages are alliances between kindreds. First cousin marriages are forbidden in practice and theory, but marriages to more distant cousins can take place. These marriages can take place with a payment of fines in livestock.The men are able to take aim their wives within this culture. There are no established or set marriages for the Ifugao people. When the men are interested in marriage, they begin meeting other women in their society. When they begin their relationship, it is a very casual environment. Eventually it become serious, and after the woman is pregnant, the man and wife get married. They will then move into their own place together to begin their family.This seems pretty similar to the American marriage system on the fact that we look for and choose our own mate. Some people get married before they are pregnant while others get pregnant before they are married (although some people may never marry). I think this is definitely a culture I could be a part of, in the sake of their marriage system that is.Ifugao society is much separated. Men and women live apart unless they a re married and/or brother and sister, but even at a certain age of childhood they go and live on their own, away from their parents. Men are the ones who hold political power, or lack thereof, in the Ifugao culture. Usually, the only powerful people in this society are men who are respected because of their wealth. The division of labor is set between the genders as well. Since this a very simplistic culture, the women tend to the children and house stimulate while the men tend to the fields of rice and hunting food for the family. I would call it a classic, nomadic style of life.Another note that women are not as powerful or highly touted as men is the fact that, in the case that polygyny does exist, it is with multiple wives and usually not multiple husbands. This form of marriage is very rare and only among the elite and rich people in the culture.For me, I wouldnt like to live within this culture. I think it is wide-cut for men and women to mix and mingle within the workplace, home, and political power. Men and women bring different ideas and ways of life to the table, and I think a successful culture accepts men and women to intermingle freely. Therefore, I would not want to live in the Ifugao society.Religion is an essential part of the Ifugao culture and is significant in every degree of life. Their religion provides a means by with the unknown can be approached and understood. Ifugao religion is a very complex structure based on ancestor worship, animism, and magical power. According to Fowler The Ifugao pantheon consists of innumerable spiritual entities that represent natural elements, forces and phenomena in addition to ancestral and metaphysical beings. The trust and confidence that the Ifugao have in these beings allow them to face what is often a complex and frightening world with a great deal of confidence and understanding. They believe that the gods and other beings are approachable and can be influenced by the proper rites and behavior to intercede on behalf of an individual or the entire community. Generally the gods are viewed as generous and benign beings who bonk feasting, drinking wine and chewing betel nut, as do the Ifugao themselves. However, the gods are quick to anger and if ignored or treated badly can right away become ill-tempered, demanding tyrants capable of causing misfortune and injury.The Ifugao people have created ceremonies to honor and respect their deities, although some are rarely acknowledged or called upon. Others, who control fooling life, such as agriculture and health, are constantly worshipped and called upon. The greatest importances to the Ifugao are rice or agricultural deities which have the power to ensure big(p) crops and actually increase the amount of rice already in storage.Although the Ifugao have no knowledge in writing, they were capable of creating a literature that matches with some of the countrys finest in epic and folk tale. Their literature is passed orally. Their r iddles serve to entertain the group as well as educate the young. One such example of an Ifugao riddle is, according to Siangio Dapa-om ke nan balena ya mubuttikan nan kumbale. This translates to Touch the house and the owner runs about. The answer is spider.When the Ifugao gather together, they use proverbs to give advice to the young. These proverbs are used to stress points. The ones who have gone to dinner gown school begin their lectures before large meetings or gatherings with proverbs. Here are a few Ifugao proverbs according to SianghioHay mahlu ya adi maagangan The industrious will never go hungry. Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan tago. The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. Hay itanum mo, ya hidiyeh aniyom What you have planted is what you will reap.Ifugao myths usually are about hero ancestors, gods and other wizard(prenominal) beings. They story lines usually have these heroes facing problems that they are currently facing. This allows the Ifu gao people to provide hope and comfort to their homes. When these stories are recited, they are usually in barked-out, neat phrases followed by the tulud, which means pushing. The tulud aims to bring the magical powers that stand behind the myth. At the end, the clincher kalidi is chanted and the narrarator enumerates the benefits which should be obtained from the myth. The myths are usually concluded with the phrase, because thou art being mythed. They have myths that cover common cultural stories such as creation of the world, creation of man, great battles and epic struggles. They also have stories that cover other worldly known events, such as the great flood or Noahs Arc to the Bible. According to Sianghio, Other Ifugao legends that have been recorded include, The Legend of the Ambuwaya Lake The Origin of the Pitpit or The Bird of Omen Why the Dead Come Back no More and How Lagawe Got Its Name.Other such important tales are the magical stories, called abuwab. These tales are b elieved to possess mystical powers. According to Siangho, Examples are the poho-phod and chiloh tales, which are usually told in death and sickness rituals. The abuwab is usually about the legendary husband and wife, Bugan and Wigan.Also, Siangho says, The Ifugao epics are chanted romances utter of the origins of the people, the life and adventure of the Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions.

The Great Inflation :: American History Essays

The Great InflationIn late-1922 the German government were forced to ask the Allies for amoratorium on reparations payments this was refused, and she whencedefaulted on shipments of both coal and timber to France. By January ofthe following year, French and Belgian troops had entered and occupied theRuhr. The German people, perhaps for the first time since 1914, unitedbehind their government, and passive resistance to the occupying troopswas ordered. A government-funded strike began as thousands of workersmarched out of their factories and steel works. The German economy,already under massive pressure, gave way. The huge damage of funding thestrike in the Ruhr and the costs of imports to meet basic consumer needswere met by the familiar expedient of the printing presses. Notecirculation increased rapidly, and by November 1923 had reached closely 92trillion marks. With less than three per cent of government expenditurebeing met from income and with the cost of one dollar at four billionmarks, Germany was in the throes of economic and social chaos. Starvationbecame a reality for millions of people, despite a bumper cereal harvest,as shops reverted to the barter system. Farmers refused to accept theeffectively worthless, banknotes in alter for grain, and nourishment quicklybegan to run short in the cities. Prices rose one trillion-fold from theirpre-war level. More importantly, for the long-term political future ofGermany, the middle and working classes saw their savings wiped out.These were, in essence, the people who were later to become the hard-coreof the Nazi vote.Economists will argue that runaway hyperinflation has two sources. Firstly,it arises through a fall in the foreign exchange value of a currency, whenan adverse balance of payments reduces foreign investors demand for thecurrency. A falling exchange rate increases the cost of imports and,therefore, the cost of living. Wages rise as workers try to maintain theirstandard of living, especially if previous institutional arrangements havelinked wages to living costs. Firms paying higher wages raise the value ofthe goods they sell, prices rise still further, the foreign exchange valueof the currency falls still more, and the cycle continues. Secondly, itarises through a large budget deficit which no one believes will narrow inthe future. Faced with the prospect of budget deficits for many years tocome, the usual sources of credit available to the government decline to perk up further loans the government can no longer borrow to cover thedeficit between revenue and expenditure. The only alternative is to printmore and more banknotes. As government workers and suppliers present their

Mind Match :: essays research papers

Mind MatchHost (Kevin) Welcome back to "Mind Match." After Round 1 Jerrys in the lead, hes got Timmy, Suzie, Ramon, Vanessa, and Carlo and Susan is right roll in the hay with Amy, Shelly, Tom, and Danny. So Jerry, youre a computer programmer from Boston. How do you like Beantown? Jerry (Tom) Um, when I came on the show, I was under the impression that you could tempt prizes or money. not orphaned children. Host Oops, looks like someone didnt read the fine print. Susan, youre a computer programmer also. Susan (Kerri) Um, I have a very small apartment. I dont know what I would do with four foster children. Host Well, figure it let on because youre their legal guardian and its season for Round 2, where the orphan points double. Okay, the first chief is "Mick Jagger is the lead singer of the Rolling ....." (ding) Jerry? Jerry Bears? The Rolling Bears? Host Oh, Im sorry, Jerry, thats incorrect. The correct answer is stones, the Rolling Stones. So Susan you win that r ound and here are prostrate and Timmy. Susan I didnt say anything. I mean, I didnt answer. You mustve- Host A smart move. A wrong answer could have cost you the lead. (Bell) Hey, that bell means its time for our Double Dare question Jerry, how many of your orphans are you willing to wager? Jerry All- all of them. Host Hey, it looks like Jerry is looking to double his orphans. Susan, how many will you matter? Susan Well, uh, all of them. Host Well, now, it looks like its make-it-or-break-it time for our contestants Okay, Jerrys behind so he gets the first question. And the question is, "Name a form of transportation?" (ding) Host Jerry? Jerry bluish? (buzzer) Host Oh, Jerry I am so sorry. Blue is not a form of transportation. And that will cost you your orphans. Oh, so close Jerry. So close. Susan, nows your chance to win it all. Name a form of transportation (ding) Host Susan? Susan Wooden? Host Hmm? Can we accept "wooden"? You can make a car out of wood, boats ar e wood--(ding) Boats are wood Yes Susan youve doubled your orphans

Critical Reviews of Brave New World Essay -- essays papers

Critical Reviews of Brave late WorldSince the original publishing of Brave New World, the book has stirred up a brew of controversy. It has received many reviews both(prenominal) positive and negative. In this paper I will provide examples of both and look at the reasons behind them.My first review is a negative one. In the review the reviewer states as his main reasons for disliking the book are the offensive characters and plot holes. A few examples of this are that Bernard Marx is unhappy with his life and wants to expand his mind yet all he does is take random vacations to the Savage Reservation. The causation of the review compares this to saying, Im having a bout with depression. Im going to Iran, then jumping on a plane and going. It just doesnt seem to make sense. The author believes that there are many other more exciting plot possibilities if Bernard just stays home and actually does something. Also, the serving surrounding Linda annoyed the author of this review also . He feels Linda is obnoxious and feels that the savages would have either gotten her out of the reser...

Winter in the Blood by James Welch Essay -- Native American Novels Win

Winter in the Blood by James Welch Winter in the Blood, a Native American novel written by James Welch, takes place on a cattle ranch in Montana, around 1970. On the surface, this is a story of a Blackfoot Indian sleepwalking through his life, tormented by visions, in search of a connection to his heritage. Welchs language is, at once, plain-spoken and poetic, and the pictures it conjures are dreamlike and disquieting. Furthermore, the narrator of the novel is disheartened by the loss of his brother, Mose, and his father, First Raise ? the two most cherished people in his life. afterward struggling with guilt, sorrow, and alcoholism, the narrator overcomes these down falls through re-identifying with himself and his culture? specifically through the help of his grandfather, jaundiced Calf.In the opening line of the novel, the narrator provides a vivid description of the his decaying surroundingsIn the tall weeds of the borrow pit, I took a leak and watched the sorrel mare, her col t beside her, walk through burnt grass to the curious side of the long-and-mudcabin . . . . The roof had fallen in and the mud amongst the logs had fallen out in chunks, leaving a bare gray skeleton, domicil only to mice and insects. Tumbleweeds, stark as bone, rocked in a hot wind against the west wall (1).Welch opens the story with this line to show a relationship between the narrators feelings of worthlessness and the worthlessness of his environment. In addition, the author melodically begins the novel in a somber manner ? so the reader may immediately jell to the tone encompassing the story. The narrator continues with describing his resentment towards his home life, Coming home was not easy anymore. It was never a cinch, but it had become a torture (2). This move out provides the reader with an understanding of the sorrow that the protagonist feels at the beginning of the novel and throughout the first half. Further narration includes the protagonists feelings of distance from the land and blame that he places upon himself, But the distance I felt came not from country or people it came from within me (2). Thus, as the reader, we understand that the narrator has removed himself from the land and his culture.On the narrators tour to find his girlfriend, Welch clearly demonstrates the overabundant use of alco... ...Yellow Calf and to ask him if he was ever acquainted with his grandmother (another twist not old woman) (152). And, yes, Yellow Calf did love his grandmother and was able to provide the narrator with the missing pieces, of his grandmothers stories, that he longed for that Yellow Calf is his grandfather and that he was the only one that treated his grandmother with regard after Standing Bears death. Once the narrator realized this they, shared this secret in the presence of ghosts, in wind that called forth the muttering of tepees, the blowing snow, the white air of the horses nostril . . .but there were others, so many others (159).It i s then that the narrator completely absorbs the teachings from Yellow Calf, and allows his life to come full circle. In the end, through the guidance of Yellow Calf, the protagonist discovers himself, learns to respect the natural order of the land, and overcomes the guilt and sorrow that has lived within him for many years. The physical journey may be complete, but the spiritual journey will continue for a lifetime. Works CitedWelch, James. Winter in the Blood ,New York Penguin Books, 1974.